The Second Brain: Is the Gut Microbiota a Link Between Obesity and Central Nervous System Disorders?

Ochoa‐Repáraz, Javier; Kasper, Lloyd H.

doi:10.1007/s13679-016-0191-1

Cited by 95 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…The gut microbiome is perhaps the most important factor when considering the induction of peripheral Tregs by immunomodulatory effects promoted by either direct effect of microbial components or metabolites that are produced during microbial metabolism of diet. 52 …”

Section: Immunomodulatory Effects Of the Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of gut-derived CD39 regulatory T cells in CNS demyelinating disease

Ochoa‐Repáraz

Kasper

2017

Translational Research

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There is considerable interest in trying to understand the importance of the gut microbiome in human diseases. The association between dysbiosis, an altered microbial composition, as related to human disease is being explored in the context of different autoimmune conditions, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent studies suggest that MS affects the composition of the gut microbiota by altering the relative abundances of specific bacteria and archaea species. Remarkably, some of the bacterial species shown reduced in the gut of MS patients are known to promote immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). In MS, the function of a phenotype of Tregs that express CD39, an ectoenzyme involved in the catabolism of ATP as immumomodulatory cells, appears to be reduced. In this review we discuss the involvement of the gut microbiota in the regulation of experimental models of CNS inflammatory demyelination and review the evidence that link the gut microbiome with multiple sclerosis. Further, we hypothesize that the gut microbiome is an essential organ for the control of tolerance in multiple sclerosis patients and a potential source for safer novel therapeutics.

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Section: Immunomodulatory Effects Of the Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of gut-derived CD39 regulatory T cells in CNS demyelinating disease

Ochoa‐Repáraz

Kasper

2017

Translational Research

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“…EAE was induced in NOD mice with a s.c. injection of MOG emulsified in CFA and 2 doses of pertussis toxin (days 0 and 1) given i.p. Disease was induced in a total of 45 mice in 3 independent experiments 25. NOD mice were used as controls (No EAE).…”

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confidence: 99%

A bidirectional association between the gut microbiota and CNS disease in a biphasic murine model of multiple sclerosis

et al. 2017

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The gut microbiome plays an important role in the development of inflammatory disease as shown using experimental models of central nervous system (CNS) demyelination. Gut microbes influence the response of regulatory immune cell populations in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), which drive protection in acute and chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Recent observations suggest that communication between the host and the gut microbiome is bidirectional. We hypothesized that the gut microbiota differs between the acute inflammatory and chronic progressive stages of a murine model of secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis (SP-MS). This non-obese diabetic (NOD) model of EAE develops a biphasic pattern of disease that more closely resembles the human condition when transitioning from relapsing-remitting (RR)-MS to SP-MS. We compared the gut microbiome of NOD mice with either mild or severe disease to that of non-immunized control mice. We found that the mice which developed a severe secondary form of EAE harbored a dysbiotic gut microbiome when compared with the healthy control mice. Furthermore, we evaluated whether treatment with a cocktail of broad-spectrum antibiotics would modify the outcome of the progressive stage of EAE in the NOD model. Our results indicated reduced mortality and clinical disease severity in mice treated with antibiotics compared with untreated mice. Our findings support the hypothesis that there are reciprocal effects between experimental CNS inflammatory demyelination and modification of the microbiome providing a foundation for the establishment of early therapeutic interventions targeting the gut microbiome that could potentially limit disease progression.

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“…Abnormal variations in the intestinal microbiome is a key factor in the development of many metabolic diseases such as obesity, type-2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis (14). In addition, gut microbes play an important role in constipation, diarrhea, colitis, chronic gastritis, urinary tract infections, skin aging, acne, osteoporosis (15), allergic diseases (16), liver cirrhosis (17), depressive disorder (18), cardiovascular diseases (19), lung diseases (9), autoimmune diseases (20), central nervous system disorders (21), and cancers (22). Therefore, the effect of the intestinal microbiome on the body's immune system is not just limited to the intestinal tract but is spread across the entire body.…”

Section: Human Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunities and Challenges of the Human Microbiome in Ovarian Cancer

et al. 2020

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Ovarian cancer is the most lethal malignancy among gynecological cancers worldwide. Most ovarian cancer patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage because of non-specific clinical symptoms. The human microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining the normal physiological and pathological state of the body. With the development of technologies such as DNA and 16S rRNA sequencing, an increasing number of findings on the role of microbiome in cancers are being reported. Microbiome abnormalities are increasingly associated with diseases, including cancer development, and response to therapies. Some studies have shown the relationship between microbiome changes and ovarian cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are not yet fully understood. Here, we summarize the key findings in this regard by focusing on estrogen metabolism and host recognition receptors in microorganisms and changes in the gut or pelvic microbiome in patients with ovarian cancer. We further discuss the potential of using the microbiome as a novel biomarker for cancers. We also highlight the possibility to use microorganisms as a treatment modality to enhance the immune system, activate anti-tumor response, mediate chemotherapy resistance, and ameliorate the adverse effects of the treatment.

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The Second Brain: Is the Gut Microbiota a Link Between Obesity and Central Nervous System Disorders?

Cited by 95 publications

References 116 publications

The influence of gut-derived CD39 regulatory T cells in CNS demyelinating disease

The influence of gut-derived CD39 regulatory T cells in CNS demyelinating disease

A bidirectional association between the gut microbiota and CNS disease in a biphasic murine model of multiple sclerosis

Opportunities and Challenges of the Human Microbiome in Ovarian Cancer

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