“…For this study, the independent variables were challenges and related stress for academic deans that were categorized into nine (9) typical job duty areas prominently found in the professional literature: finding a new vision for an academic major or discipline, promoting positive change, dealing with resistance and conflict, addressing financial challenges, fundraising pressure, coping with the tension of change within a shared governance structure, addressing community and state demands for teacher education reform, managing internal personnel matters, and receiving administrative support from the provost's office (Buller, 2007;Coll, et. al., 2018;Harvey, et al, 2013;Krahenbuhl, 2004;Monaghan, 2018;Sarros, Gmelch, & Tanewski, G. A., 1998).…”