The selective conversion of furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate over Zr-modified tungstophosphoric acid supported on β-zeolites

Abstract

Catalysts of zirconium-exchanged proton-containing tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) supported on β-zeolites were prepared by an impregnation method for the selective alcoholysis of furfuryl alcohol into ethyl levulinate.

Hybrid Nanocomposite Comprising Mg–Al Hydrotalcite Nanocrystals on ZSM-5 Zeolite for Production of Renewable Fuel Additives from Furfural

“…Possible reaction mechanisms for hydrogenation of furfural over metallic sites in the presence of molecular hydrogen as well as hydrogen sacrificial agent, e.g., ethanol, have been proposed earlier. ,− Similarly, the possible reaction mechanism for the conversion of FA to EL in liquid ethanol is also reported and few reaction pathways through formation of various intermediates were suggested. , Recently, the role of hydrotalcite originated basic sites in the adsorption and activation of the carbonyl group of furfural is reported. The surface basic sites of hydrotalcite-derived mixed oxide in close proximity with active metal sites are capable of having interaction with the π* acceptor orbital of carbonyl group, which consequently leads to the enhanced reactivity of the carbonyl group .…”

Keggin type heteropolyacid-mediated novel green protocol for the synthesis of porphyrins

“…which is characteristic of a Keggin structure. [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] The sharp and well-defined nature of the peaks indicates the high crystallinity of the sample. FTIR spectra (Fig.…”

Single‐Pot Alcoholysis of Furfuryl Alcohol to Alkyl Levulinates Using Heterogenized p‐TSA Catalyst**

“…[15] Acidic mesoporous MIL-101(Cr)À SO 3 H (MMSs) catalyst was also explored for FA ethanolization which results in 83 % EL yield with complete FA conversion at 160°C in 2 h. [16] Hu and coworkers studied effects of the Brønsted and Lewis acid sites of different crystal facets of WO 3 on the catalytic conversion of FA to EL. They achieved highest catalytic activity using (110) faceted strong Brønsted acidic WO 3 catalyst forming 93.3 % of EL at 170°C in 2 h. [17] 20 % Zr0.75TPA/β-zeolite was found to be active for the alcoholysis of FA which gave 96 % yield of EL at 130°C in 5 h. [18] Gu et al developed α, α'-dichloro-p-xylene derived hyper-cross-linked organic carbocatalyst for EL production from FA results in 70.3 % EL yield at 150°C in 2 h. [19] Glucose derived carbon-based solid acid was also tested for EL production to give a yield of 67 % at 110°C. [20] Tian et al prepared sulfonated attapulgite catalyst which yields up to 95.4 % of EL from FA at 160°C in 2 h. [21] AQUIVIONs perfluorosulfonic acid resin yields 82 mol % butyl levulinate from FA.…”

“…They achieved highest catalytic activity using (110) faceted strong Brønsted acidic WO 3 catalyst forming 93.3 % of EL at 170 °C in 2 h [17] . 20 % Zr0.75TPA/β‐zeolite was found to be active for the alcoholysis of FA which gave 96 % yield of EL at 130 °C in 5 h [18] . Gu et al.…”