The semantic–procedural interface model of the self: The role of self-knowledge for context-dependent versus context-independent modes of thinking.

Kühnen, Ulrich; Hannover, Bettina; Schubert, Benjamin

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.397

Cited by 245 publications

(236 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Following this line of reasoning, and supported with recent research by Kuhnen et al(2001) on the semantic-procedural interface model of the self, we postulated that there may be differences in information processing style associated with connectedness, egoistic, and biospheric concerns. We predicted that less connection with nature would be associated with more local information processing, while a greater connection would be associated with global processing.…”

Section: Stated In His Green History Of the Worldsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…In some cultures, self is defined broadly and interconnected with other people, while in other cultures self is defined more narrowly and independent of other people (cf. Markus & Kitayama, 1991;Singelis, 1994;Kuhnen et al, 2001). Perhaps, a connection with nature is simply an extension of an interdependent self; not only is who I am dependent on my relationship with other people, but who I am is also dependent on my relationship with the environment around me.…”

Section: Directions For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implicit connections with nature

Schultz

Shriver

Tabanico

et al. 2004

Journal of Environmental Psychology

865

604

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Previous research has suggested that attitudes about environmental issues are rooted in the degree to which people believe that they are part of the natural environment. Researchers have distinguished between egoistic concerns, which focus on self, and biospheric concerns, which focus on all living things. In the current paper, we argue that the type of concerns a person develops about environmental issues is associated with the extent to which the individual believes that s/he is part of nature. We argue that this connection is implicit, and exists outside of conscious awareness. Two studies are reported on the relationship between implicit connections with nature and explicit environmental concerns, and on the cognitive strategies associated with egoistic and biospheric attitudes. Study 1 reports the results from a modified Implicit Association Test (IAT) designed to measure the degree to which people associate themselves with nature. Results showed a moderate positive relationship between biospheric concerns and implicit connections with nature, and a negative relationship between implicit connections with nature and egoistic concerns. Study 2 replicated this basic effect, and also examined the test-retest (immediate, 1 week, and 4 weeks) reliability of the explicit and implicit measures. Results are interpreted within a broad model of environmental inclusion.

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Section: Stated In His Green History Of the Worldsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Directions For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit connections with nature

Schultz

Shriver

Tabanico

et al. 2004

Journal of Environmental Psychology

865

604

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, Kühnen and colleagues (11,12) found that Western participants exhibited more holistic attention when they were encouraged to think about the ways in which they are similar to family members and friends or when they were asked to circle first-person plural pronouns (we, us, ours, etc.) in a paragraph.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecocultural basis of cognition: Farmers and fishermen are more holistic than herders

Üskül

Kitayama²,

Nisbett³

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

316

298

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It has been proposed that social interdependence fosters holistic cognition, that is, a tendency to attend to the broad perceptual and cognitive field, rather than to a focal object and its properties, and a tendency to reason in terms of relationships and similarities, rather than rules and categories. This hypothesis has been supported mostly by demonstrations showing that East Asians, who are relatively interdependent, reason and perceive in a more holistic fashion than do Westerners. We examined holistic cognitive tendencies in attention, categorization, and reasoning in three types of communities that belong to the same national, geographic, ethnic, and linguistic regions and yet vary in their degree of social interdependence: farming, fishing, and herding communities in Turkey's eastern Black Sea region. As predicted, members of farming and fishing communities, which emphasize harmonious social interdependence, exhibited greater holistic tendencies than members of herding communities, which emphasize individual decision making and foster social independence. Our findings have implications for how ecocultural factors may have lasting consequences on important aspects of cognition.

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“…Self-direction values entail a creative, exploratory mind-set that is less concerned about prevailing social standards. Creativity itself entails following novel directions without rigid application of fixed rules and norms (Kuhnen, Hannover, & Schubert, 2001). Thus, although this pursuit can entail cleanliness (as in five-star restaurants and some art studios), it involves a mind-set that can often be inimical to this behavior.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing, priming, and acting on values: Effects via motivational relations in a circular model.

Maio¹,

Pakizeh

Cheung³

et al. 2009

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

280

261

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Circular models of values and goals suggest that some motivational aims are consistent with each other, some oppose each other, and others are orthogonal to each other. The present experiments tested this idea explicitly by examining how value confrontation and priming methods influence values and valueconsistent behaviors throughout the entire value system. Experiment 1 revealed that change in 1 set of social values causes motivationally compatible values to increase in importance, whereas motivationally incompatible values decrease in importance and orthogonal values remain the same. Experiment 2 found that priming security values reduced the better-than-average effect, but priming stimulation values increased it. Similarly, Experiments 3 and 4 found that priming security values increased cleanliness and decreased curiosity behaviors, whereas priming self-direction values decreased cleanliness and increased curiosity behaviors. Experiment 5 found that priming achievement values increased success at puzzle completion and decreased helpfulness to an experimenter, whereas priming with benevolence values decreased success and increased helpfulness. These results highlight the importance of circular models describing motivational interconnections between values and personal goals.Keywords: priming, motivation, goals, behavior Specific patterns of motivation interconnection have been described in an influential model of social values (Schwartz, 1992) and a more recent model of personal goals (Grouzet et al., 2005). The model of values focuses on abstract ideals-such as freedom, equality, helpfulness, and enjoying life-that people regard as important guiding principles. The model of personal goals focuses on aims and aspirations-such as self-acceptance, affiliation, physical health, and popularity-that a person has. Despite their slightly different foci, both models propose that there are "four occasionally overlapping but sometimes conflictual motivational systems that people must negotiate as they make their way through life" (Grouzet et al., 2005, p. 813). In this article, we briefly review these models and argue that their assumptions about motivational interconnections can be useful for understanding basic mechanisms in judgment and action. This idea is then illustrated in five experiments that explore novel implications derived from one of the models. CIRCULAR PATTERNS IN VALUES ANDPERSONAL GOALS Schwartz's (1996) cross-cultural model of values indicates that values are self-imposed criteria that balance between individual needs, the coordination of social interaction, and group survival. As values coordinate these concerns, they come to express and serve 10 types of motivation: power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, and security (see Table 1 for more detail). 1 More important, Schwartz (1992) suggested that these 10 motives possess various conflicts and compatibilities. As shown in Figure 1, these motivational interconnections can be modeled...

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The semantic–procedural interface model of the self: The role of self-knowledge for context-dependent versus context-independent modes of thinking.

Cited by 245 publications

References 40 publications

Implicit connections with nature

Implicit connections with nature

Ecocultural basis of cognition: Farmers and fishermen are more holistic than herders

Changing, priming, and acting on values: Effects via motivational relations in a circular model.

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