Circular models of values and goals suggest that some motivational aims are consistent with each other, some oppose each other, and others are orthogonal to each other. The present experiments tested this idea explicitly by examining how value confrontation and priming methods influence values and valueconsistent behaviors throughout the entire value system. Experiment 1 revealed that change in 1 set of social values causes motivationally compatible values to increase in importance, whereas motivationally incompatible values decrease in importance and orthogonal values remain the same. Experiment 2 found that priming security values reduced the better-than-average effect, but priming stimulation values increased it. Similarly, Experiments 3 and 4 found that priming security values increased cleanliness and decreased curiosity behaviors, whereas priming self-direction values decreased cleanliness and increased curiosity behaviors. Experiment 5 found that priming achievement values increased success at puzzle completion and decreased helpfulness to an experimenter, whereas priming with benevolence values decreased success and increased helpfulness. These results highlight the importance of circular models describing motivational interconnections between values and personal goals.Keywords: priming, motivation, goals, behavior Specific patterns of motivation interconnection have been described in an influential model of social values (Schwartz, 1992) and a more recent model of personal goals (Grouzet et al., 2005). The model of values focuses on abstract ideals-such as freedom, equality, helpfulness, and enjoying life-that people regard as important guiding principles. The model of personal goals focuses on aims and aspirations-such as self-acceptance, affiliation, physical health, and popularity-that a person has. Despite their slightly different foci, both models propose that there are "four occasionally overlapping but sometimes conflictual motivational systems that people must negotiate as they make their way through life" (Grouzet et al., 2005, p. 813). In this article, we briefly review these models and argue that their assumptions about motivational interconnections can be useful for understanding basic mechanisms in judgment and action. This idea is then illustrated in five experiments that explore novel implications derived from one of the models. CIRCULAR PATTERNS IN VALUES ANDPERSONAL GOALS Schwartz's (1996) cross-cultural model of values indicates that values are self-imposed criteria that balance between individual needs, the coordination of social interaction, and group survival. As values coordinate these concerns, they come to express and serve 10 types of motivation: power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, and security (see Table 1 for more detail). 1 More important, Schwartz (1992) suggested that these 10 motives possess various conflicts and compatibilities. As shown in Figure 1, these motivational interconnections can be modeled...

Three experiments examined the latent structure of values. Participants rated the importance of values clustered in pairs. Based on [Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1-65). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.] circular model, we predicted and found that the time to rate the second value in each pair was shorter when the two values were motivationally congruent or opposing than when the two values were unrelated (Experiment 1). As expected, this was not the case when participants had to compare the importance of values within each pair (Experiment 2). Finally, semantic relatedness between values failed to explain the eVects of motivational compatibility (Experiment 3). Taken together, these results reveal a coherent pattern of value relations driven by motivational compatibilities, over and above perceived semantic relatedness.

Covid-19 is an acute respiratory syndrome that can effect on lifestyles. The aim of the present study was to compare the health-related quality of life (HRQoL), physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores in physically active (PA) and physically inactive (PI) during the Covid-19 pandemic. Three hundred and twenty-six (182 women; 144 men) studying at the Persian Gulf University participated in the study. The HRQoL Questionnaire (SF-12) was used to collect information. Significant differences in HRQoL score, MCS score and PCS score were observed between physically active and inactive men and women, as well as between physically active and inactive men, and finally between physically active and inactive women ( P < 0.01). Data from the present study suggests higher levels of physical activity, even during social restrictions imposed by the current global pandemic, results in significantly greater scores for HRQoL.

The co-occurrence of positive and negative attributes of an attitude object typically accounts for less than a quarter of the variance in felt ambivalence toward these objects, rendering this evaluative incongruence insufficient for explaining felt ambivalence. The present research tested whether another type of incongruence, semantic incongruence, also causes felt ambivalence. Semantic incongruence arises from inconsistencies in the descriptive content of attitude objects' attributes (e.g., attributes that are not mutually supportive), independent of these attributes' valences. Experiment 1 manipulated evaluative and semantic incongruence using valence norms and semantic norms. Both of these norm-based manipulations independently predicted felt ambivalence, and, in Experiment 2, they even did so over and above self-based incongruence (i.e., participants' idiosyncratic perceptions of evaluative and semantic incongruence). Experiments 3a and 3b revealed that aversive dissonant feelings play a role in the effects of evaluative incongruence, but not semantic incongruence, on felt ambivalence.

Objective: The present study aims at investigating the effects of behavioral therapy techniques through operant conditioning and observational learning on children's aggression aged 4-6 years. Methods:To this end, a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study with two experimental groups and a control group was designed. We used non-probability purposive sampling method to select 45 mothers of aggressive children out of all mothers in Deylam City, Iran. They were randomly assigned into three groups (each group included 15 participants). Primary data were collected using the questionnaire developed by Vahedi, Fathi-Azar, Hosseini-Nasab, and Moghadam (2008). To analyze the data, multivariate analysis of covariance, 1-way analysis of covariance, and Bonferroni tests were used. Results:The results indicated that teaching operant conditioning and observational learning techniques to the mothers reduced their children's overall aggression along with its components, including verbal-offensive, physical-offensive, and relational aggression as well as impulsive anger. Conclusion:These techniques are recommended to be used in clinical interventions to teach the families how to control their children's aggression.