2015
DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4287-8
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The senses of active and passive forces at the human ankle joint

Abstract: The traditional view of the neural basis for the sense of muscle force is that it is generated at least in part within the brain. Recently it has been proposed that force sensations do not arise entirely centrally and that there is a contribution from peripheral receptors within the contracting muscle. Evidence comes from experiments on thumb flexor and elbow flexor muscles. Here we have studied the sense of force in plantar flexor muscles of the human ankle, looking for further evidence for such a mechanism. … Show more

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Cited by 17 publications
(14 citation statements)
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References 25 publications
(32 reference statements)
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“…We find that the perception of a load imposed on the finger is robust to changes in joint angle. The lack of an influence of posture on perceived load, also observed at the ankle joint 32 , is perhaps unsurprising, as the most likely load-signaling proprioceptor is the Golgi tendon organ (GTO), which tracks muscle tension 33,34 and does not receive direct efferent input. However, people generally estimate the weight of objects with oscillatory movements and their perceptual acuity drops when they are no longer permitted to make such movements 24 , suggesting that signals from traditionally kinematic receptors such as muscle spindles may also participate in load perception (though these oscillations may simply allow for repeated sampling).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We find that the perception of a load imposed on the finger is robust to changes in joint angle. The lack of an influence of posture on perceived load, also observed at the ankle joint 32 , is perhaps unsurprising, as the most likely load-signaling proprioceptor is the Golgi tendon organ (GTO), which tracks muscle tension 33,34 and does not receive direct efferent input. However, people generally estimate the weight of objects with oscillatory movements and their perceptual acuity drops when they are no longer permitted to make such movements 24 , suggesting that signals from traditionally kinematic receptors such as muscle spindles may also participate in load perception (though these oscillations may simply allow for repeated sampling).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We propose that this decline in performance was instead accounted for by an amplitude-dependent amplification of the difficulty to match the perceptions of two musculoskeletal states that are different in nature (passive vs. active). The brain prioritizes the processing of information from both limbs over information from a single limb (Boisgontier and Nougier, 2013b ; Savage et al, 2015 ). In our bimanual matching task, proprioceptive information associated to muscle contraction is only generated in one limb (active matching limb) and may therefore be considered as noise.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As described by Walsh et al ( 2013 ), the brain is likely to compare proprioceptive afferent signals from the two limbs and when the difference between the signals is at a minimum, the positions are assumed to match each other. Furthermore, recent studies showed that the brain prioritizes the processing of information from both limbs over information from a single limb, resulting in better performance (Boisgontier and Nougier, 2013b ; Savage et al, 2015 ). Therefore, when proprioceptive information associated to muscle contraction is present only in one limb, this information may not be considered as relevant information to the matching process.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…pushing and reaching), but they share neural pathways and sensory receptors [21]. For example, while muscle spindles are known to be mainly responsible for position sense and Golgi tendon organs for force perception, recent studies [2224] found that muscle spindles are also involved in the perception of force and heaviness. Thus, the simultaneous processing of motions and forces could represent a challenge and it might also lead to reciprocal interferences, a crucial topic that was rather disregarded in recent years [21, 25].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%