The Sensitivity of the ECMWF Model to the Parameterization of Evaporation from the Tropical Oceans

Miller, M. J.; Beljaars, A.; Palmer, T. N.

doi:10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005<0418:tsotem>2.0.co;2

Cited by 196 publications

(119 citation statements)

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“…The interface temperature and the sensible and latent heat fluxes to the atmosphere are determined at the same time by an implicit method from vertical di¤usivity, which is calculated in the PBL scheme. The bulk coe‰cients for the heat flux estimation follow Louis (1979) and Louis et al (1982), except those for turbulent fluxes in an unstable state follow Miller et al (1992).…”

Section: F Ocean-surface Processmentioning

confidence: 68%

A New Global Climate Model of the Meteorological Research Institute: MRI-CGCM3 —Model Description and Basic Performance—

Yukimoto¹,

Adachi²,

Hosaka³

et al. 2012

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

704

236

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A new global climate model, MRI-CGCM3, has been developed at the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI). This model is an overall upgrade of MRI's former climate model MRI-CGCM2 series. MRI-CGCM3 is composed of atmosphere-land, aerosol, and ocean-ice models, and is a subset of the MRI's earth system model MRI-ESM1. Atmospheric component MRI-AGCM3 is interactively coupled with aerosol model to represent direct and indirect e¤ects of aerosols with a new cloud microphysics scheme. Basic experiments for pre-industrial control, historical and climate sensitivity are performed with MRI-CGCM3. In the pre-industrial control experiment, the model exhibits very stable behavior without climatic drifts, at least in the radiation budget, the temperature near the surface and the major indices of ocean circulations. The sea surface temperature (SST) drift is sufficiently small, while there is a 1 W m À2 heating imbalance at the surface. The model's climate sensitivity is estimated to be 2.11 K with Gregory's method. The transient climate response (TCR) to 1 % yr À1 increase of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration is 1.6 K with doubling of CO 2 concentration and 4.1 K with quadrupling of CO 2 concentration. The simulated present-day mean climate in the historical experiment is evaluated by comparison with observations, including reanalysis. The model reproduces the overall mean climate, including seasonal variation in various aspects in the atmosphere and the oceans. Variability in the simulated climate is also evaluated and is found to be realistic, including El Niñ o and Southern Oscillation and the Arctic and Antarctic oscillations. However, some important issues are identified. The simulated SST indicates generally cold bias in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and warm bias in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), and the simulated sea ice expands excessively in the North Atlantic in winter. A double ITCZ also appears in the tropical Pacific, particularly in the austral summer.

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Section: F Ocean-surface Processmentioning

confidence: 68%

A New Global Climate Model of the Meteorological Research Institute: MRI-CGCM3 —Model Description and Basic Performance—

Yukimoto¹,

Adachi²,

Hosaka³

et al. 2012

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

704

236

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“…The boundary layer is parameterized using a diffusive equation where the mixing coefficient depends on a prescribed length scale and a diagnostic determination of the turbulent kinetic energy. The surface drag parameterization is the one used at ECMWF and includes an explicit dependance of the drag coefficient on the vertical stability of the lower atmospheric layers and the surface wind (Miller et al 1992). The model also includes a simple representation of the gravity wave drag (Boer et al 1984) A feature of the model, which is of importance for the interpretation of the present results, is the treatment of the horizontal dissipation.…”

Section: Model Description and Design Of The Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of the Andes on Transient Atmospheric Systems: A Comparison between Observations and GCM Results

Seluchi¹,

Serafini²,

Treut³

1998

Mon. Wea. Rev.

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The high and low pressure transient systems that cross the Andes at various extratropical latitudes are strongly affected by this natural barrier. Available analysis from operational weather services, such as the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), provide a description of these migrating systems, which are often associated with regional features of orographic origin, such as the Northwestern Argentinean Depression. Their propagation is subject to a particularity: for distinct reasons both low and high pressure systems are commonly deflected to the north when crossing the Andes. The purpose of the paper is to test the ability of an atmospheric general circulation model, the LMD (Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique) GCM, to simulate correctly the behavior of these systems. This is done through the analysis of conventional meteorological parameters, but also by duplicating, from the output fields of the model, a series of composite analyses that were previously carried out using both the ECMWF analysis and measurements at local weather stations. The model appears generally successful in reproducing the large-scale features of the circulation. The precipitation patterns are less realistic: they extend too broadly over the eastern side of the mountains, with too little precipitation along the Atlantic coast. Sensitivity experiments are carried out to test the impact of the orography and the role of the model resolution. An experiment with enhanced, and probably more realistic, orography, gives much improved results. An experiment with a lower model resolution shows a degraded but persistent skill in reproducing the observed pattern.

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“…The gas transfer parameterisation thus contains three empirical parameters which allow tuning to specific data sets: A (related to the thermal sublayer), B (related to bubble mediated transfer) and β (the "gustiness" parameter which is related to convective buoyancy effects (Fairall et al, 1996b), 1.0 (Miller et al, 1991) and 0.7 (Schumann, 1988) -but note that these are for air. Here we are not tuning the parameterisation to a particular data set so we take the generic values of β=1, A=1, and B=1, since these are roughly the mean of the previously published values and are a neutral choice with no scaling up or down.…”

Section: Gas Transfer Velocity Kmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of diurnal variability in sea surface temperature on the central Atlantic air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux

et al. 2009

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Abstract. The effect of diurnal variations in sea surface temperature (SST) on the air-sea flux of CO 2 over the central is evaluated for [2005][2006]. We use high spatial resolution hourly satellite ocean skin temperature data to determine the diurnal warming ( SST). The CO 2 flux is then computed using three different temperature fields -a foundation temperature (T f , measured at a depth where there is no diurnal variation), T f plus the hourly SST and T f plus the monthly average of the SSTs. This is done in conjunction with a physically-based parameterisation for the gas transfer velocity (NOAA-COARE). The differences between the fluxes evaluated for these three different temperature fields quantify the effects of both diurnal warming and diurnal covariations. We find that including diurnal warming increases the CO 2 flux out of this region of the Atlantic for 2005-2006 from 9.6 Tg C a −1 to 30.4 Tg C a −1 (hourly SST) and 31.2 Tg C a −1 (monthly average of SST measurements). Diurnal warming in this region, therefore, has a large impact on the annual net CO 2 flux but diurnal covariations are negligible. However, in this region of the Atlantic the uptake and outgassing of CO 2 is approximately balanced over the annual cycle, so although we find diurnal warming has a very large effect here, the Atlantic as a whole is a very strong carbon sink (e.g. −920 Tg C a −1 Takahashi et al., 2002) making this is a small contribution to the Atlantic carbon budget.

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The Sensitivity of the ECMWF Model to the Parameterization of Evaporation from the Tropical Oceans

Cited by 196 publications

References 0 publications

A New Global Climate Model of the Meteorological Research Institute: MRI-CGCM3 —Model Description and Basic Performance—

A New Global Climate Model of the Meteorological Research Institute: MRI-CGCM3 —Model Description and Basic Performance—

The Impact of the Andes on Transient Atmospheric Systems: A Comparison between Observations and GCM Results

The impact of diurnal variability in sea surface temperature on the central Atlantic air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux

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The Sensitivity of the ECMWF Model to the Parameterization of Evaporation from the Tropical Oceans

Cited by 196 publications

References 0 publications

A New Global Climate Model of the Meteorological Research Institute: MRI-CGCM3 —Model Description and Basic Performance—

A New Global Climate Model of the Meteorological Research Institute: MRI-CGCM3 —Model Description and Basic Performance—

The Impact of the Andes on Transient Atmospheric Systems: A Comparison between Observations and GCM Results

The impact of diurnal variability in sea surface temperature on the central Atlantic air-sea CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; flux

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The impact of diurnal variability in sea surface temperature on the central Atlantic air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux