The Separation of Types Among the Pneumococci Hitherto Called Group Iv and the Development of Therapeutic Antiserums for These Types

Cooper, Georgia; Edwards, M. A.; Rosenstein, Carolyn

doi:10.1084/jem.49.3.461

Cited by 59 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Variations shown for different strains were not confined to any one type. Possibly the inclusion of a larger number of the members of Group IV would show that these organisms have, as a class, a lesser growth capacity in normal human serum and leucocytes than the so-called fixed types, although the recent reclassification of Group IV and Type II atypical pneumococci by Cooper, Edwards and Rosenstein (5) indicates that a considerable percentage of these organisms are to be considered as highly pathogenic as the members of Types I, II, III.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Resistance of Normal Human Beings to Recently Isolated Strains of Pathogenic Pneumococci

Robertson

Cornwell

1930

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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That man must be fairly resistant to the pneumococcus is attested by the relative infrequence of known contact infection among those attending pneumonia patients, despite the fact that under such conditions pneumococci are probably often inhaled in considerable numbers. When contact infection has been observed it is almost always with Pneumococcus Types I and II from which it might be inferred that these two types are the most virulent for man. But we have no definite information as to the relative human virulence of different strains or types of pathogenic pneumococci and but little data concerning variations in individual susceptibility to a single strain.While a direct approach to this problem is not possible for obvious reasons, an indirect method of study has become available as a result of experimental observation in animals. It was found that the resistance of an animal to pneumococcus infection was paralleled very closely by the pneumococcidal power of the blood. When the serum and leucocytes of a single species, the rabbit, were tested against pneumococci of varying rabbit virulence, the pneumococci of low virulence were destroyed in considerable numbers while those of high virulence grew readily in the serum-leucocyte mixtures. Again the serum and leucocytes of young rabbits which are highly susceptible to pneumococci of low virulence for the adult rabbit, were found to possess no pneumococcidal action whatsoever. There was found to be a general quantitative relationship between the killing dose of pneumococci and the pneumococcidal power of the animal's blood (1, 2).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Resistance of Normal Human Beings to Recently Isolated Strains of Pathogenic Pneumococci

Robertson

Cornwell

1930

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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“…For instance, 6A and 6B serotypes accounted for 4.6% and 10.6% of pneumococcal meningitis or sepsis in young children before the introduction of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (24). Extensive biochemical studies since their discovery in 1929 (7) have shown the 6A/6B PS to be isopolymers containing galactose-glucose-rhamnose-ribitol-phosphate, differing only in the rhamnose-ribitol linkage (12,22). Genetic studies of the capsule loci from many isolates showed that the capsule loci of 6A and 6B are largely identical and that only one nucleotide in wciP (G584A; S195N) is consistently different between the capsule loci of the two serotypes (16).…”

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confidence: 99%

Genetic Basis for the New Pneumococcal Serotype, 6C

Park¹,

et al. 2007

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We have recently reported a new pneumococcal serotype (6C), which is closely related to serotype 6A (I. H. Park et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 45:1225-1233, 2007). To investigate the genetic basis for serotype 6C, we studied the capsule gene loci of 14 6C isolates from three different continents, including one isolated in Alabama 27 years ago. The wciN region of all 6C isolates has a 1,029-bp-long sequence that replaces the 1,222-bp-long sequence of the 6A wciN region. This recombination event has created a new 1,125-bp-long open reading frame which encodes a product that is also homologous to glycosyl transferases. Flanking this introduced gene is 300 bp upstream and 100 bp downstream with only about 90% homology with 6A and which is identical in all 6C isolates. Transfer of the wciN region converts 6A to 6C. Determination of the DNA sequence of the entire capsule gene locus of one 6C isolate showed that the 6C capsule gene locus is almost identical (>98% homologous) to that of 6A except for the wciN region. These findings indicate that the 6C capsule type originated more than 27 years ago by a single recombination event in a 6A locus in which 6A wciN was replaced by a gene of unknown origin.

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“…Of the 5 preparations used, 4 were specific polysaccharides of types not previously tested in human subjects, namely Types IV, V, VII, and XIV (38), and the fifth was a Type I preparation. The local reactions to initial intracutaneous injections observed with all of these preparations were similar to those observed by Finland and Dowling (9) with the socalled cellular carbohydrates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactions of Human Subjects to the Injection of Purified Type Specific Pneumococcus Polysaccharides 1

Finland

Brown²

1938

J. Clin. Invest.

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By subjecting pneumococcus filtrates to ultrafiltration followed by repeated fractional precipitation with alcohol, Wadsworth and Brown (1) have obtained good yields of type-specific and species-specific polysaccharides in a relatively high state of purification. This report deals with the local reactions and the type-specific antibody response of non-pneumonic human subjects to injections of specific polysaccharides of Types I, IV, V, VII, and XIV pneumococci prepared by this method. (4,5) and also by Alston, Galbraith, and Stewart (6). Similar skin reactions were also elicited with varying frequency, using polysaccharides prepared by the same and by other methods, in normal subjects and in hospital subjects without pneumonia or recent intracutaneous injections (7,8,9,10). In such subjects, positive reactions to the initial injections were not correlated with the presence of circulating antibodies (7, 8, 9, 10) but the development of antibodies for the homologous pneumococcus type was stimulated by a single or by multiple intracutaneous injections (8,9,11,12).Alston and Lowden (10), using Type I and Type II specific polysaccharides prepared by the methods of Heidelberger, Sia, and Kendall (13) and of Heidelberger and Avery (14), respectively, observed in normal sub-1 This study was aided, in part, by a grant given in honor of Francis Weld Peabody by the Ella Sachs Plotz Foundation. jects a secondary cutaneous reaction consisting of redness, edema, and tenderness occurring in 2 to 5 hours and lasting 8 to 48 hours. A similar reaction had also been described by Finland and Sutliff (4) in occasional patients recovering from pneumonia in whom the reactions, induced by similar polysaccharides, were typespecific and began as a typical but intense immediate wheal and erythema. Similar reactions, both with and without the characteristic immediate phase were also noted in non-pneumonic subjects tested with autolysates from virulent and from avirulent strains (7).Tillett and Francis (15) and later Ash (16) demonstrated precipitins for the somatic, species-specific, carbohydrate, the so-called C fraction of Tillett, Goebel, and Avery (17), in the febrile stage of pneumonia and of many other acute infections but not after recovery from these diseases. Francis and Abernethy (18) reported immediate and delayed reactions, similar to those described above, which they obtained with the C fraction during the height of pneumonia and other febrile illnesses but not during convalescence and not in cases having a fatal termination.Differences in antigenic activity of type-specific carbohydrate substances derived in different ways from the same type of pneumococcus have been observed by many workers (19 to 27 inc.). Wadsworth and Brown (19) found that all of their so-called cellular carbohydrates contain phosphorus and nitrogen, produce purpura in mice, and differ from the corresponding soluble specific substance prepared by the earlier methods of Heidelberger, Avery, and others in their reaction with immune serums and in the respon...

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The Separation of Types Among the Pneumococci Hitherto Called Group Iv and the Development of Therapeutic Antiserums for These Types

Cited by 59 publications

References 1 publication

A Study of the Resistance of Normal Human Beings to Recently Isolated Strains of Pathogenic Pneumococci

A Study of the Resistance of Normal Human Beings to Recently Isolated Strains of Pathogenic Pneumococci

Genetic Basis for the New Pneumococcal Serotype, 6C

Reactions of Human Subjects to the Injection of Purified Type Specific Pneumococcus Polysaccharides 1

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