The Serum Levels of IL-36 in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Their Correlation with the Serum Levels of IL-32, IL-6, TNF-α, and Oxidative Stress

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process maintained during all stages of the disease by several proinflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines. Interleukin (IL)-36 cytokines are proinflammatory and have an essential role in innate and adaptive immunity, but the role of IL-36 has not been determined in coronary artery disease (CAD). This study aimed to measure the serum levels of IL-36 in patients with CAD and their association with the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, and IL-32 and also investigate their correlation with the serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A total of 168 subjects (84 CAD and 84 control subjects) were examined in this research. The total serum levels of IL-36 were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Also, some oxidative stress parameters were evaluated by FRAP and MDA assays in the serum. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The serum levels of IL-36 and MDA were significantly higher, and FRAP was significantly lower in the CAD group compared to the controls. Furthermore, the serum levels of IL-36, MDA, and FRAP significantly correlated with the CAD group’s cardiac arterial stenosis. Also, the serum levels of IL-36 had a positive and significant correlation with the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-32, and biochemical parameters in the CAD group. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Higher serum levels of IL-36 and its association with the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-32, and IL-6 may play a key role in the pathogenesis of CAD, leading to an increased risk of clogged arteries and oxidative stress.

Berberine efficacy against Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: A systematic review

“…Oxidative stress and inflammation are considered risk factors for serious diseases such as heart diseases and cancers (35)(36)(37)(38). Various studies reviewed in this study showed that Ber attenuated DOX-induced nephrotoxicity by reducing total reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxides, NF-κB p65, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and caspase-3 (39).…”

Identification of candidate biomarkers and pathways associated with multiple sclerosis using bioinformatics and next generation sequencing data analysis

“…It is well known that the pathways include immune system [55], TCR signaling [56], cytokine signaling in immune system [57], degradation of the extracellular matrix [58], extracellular matrix organization [58], metabolism of lipids [59] and metabolism [60] [110], GPR174 [111], CCR4 [112], POU4F2 [113]. CCR2 [114], IL2RB [115], CCL4 [116], CCL24 [117], FASLG (Fas ligand) [118], CD24 [119], TDGF1 [120], CD28 [121], IL7R [122], CYP11B1 [123], CCL5 [124], CCL3 [125], LTF (lactotransferrin) [126], GPNMB (glycoprotein nmb) [ HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) [135], TRPM8 [136], DIO3 [137], SIGLEC1 [138], TTR (transthyretin) [139], IL24 [140], F13A1 [141], IL9 [142], VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A) [143], RASAL1 [144], ADM (adrenomedullin) [145], ANGPTL4 [146], CHI3L1 [147], LDB3 [148], CNP (2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphodiesterase) [149], HES6 [150], CMTM5 [151] SEMA4D [160], GLUL (glutamate-ammonia ligase) [161], S1PR5 [162], FN3K [163], MEIS1 [...…”

Decreased plasma miR-140-3p is associated with coronary artery disease

“…Although numerous risk factors for CAD have been identified and studied, including circulating miRNAs, blood lipids, cholesterol, glucose, and inflammatory factors [ [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] ], utilizing these factors to predict CAD risk is not yet common. This is due to the large variability of some of these factors in different individuals, particularly inflammatory factors, which have been shown to be associated with CAD risk but are also sensitive to environmental factors such as diet and infection.…”