The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Epidemic  in Mainland China Dissected

Cao, Wu‐Chun; Vlas, Sake J. de; Richardus, Jan Hendrik

doi:10.4081/idr.2011.1794

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is characterized by flu-like symptoms including a high fever, myalgia, and in advanced forms of the disease commonly dyspnoea and pneumonia [8]. In contrast to the low mortality rates associated with the common cold-associated coronaviruses, SARS-CoV was the first of three HCoVs that illustrated the emerging potential for significant disease with a case fatality rate of approximately 10 % [9]. Approximately a decade after the SARS-CoV outbreak, a second emerging severe coronavirus pathogen, MERS-CoV, emerged in 2012 in Saudi Arabia [10].…”

Section: Human Coronaviruses Disease and The Potential For Future Emmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting novel structural and functional features of coronavirus protease nsp5 (3CLpro, Mpro) in the age of COVID-19

Roe

Junod

Young

et al. 2021

Journal of General Virology

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Coronavirus protease nsp5 (M pro , 3CL pro ) remains a primary target for coronavirus therapeutics due to its indispensable and conserved role in the proteolytic processing of the viral replicase polyproteins. In this review, we discuss the diversity of known coronaviruses, the role of nsp5 in coronavirus biology, and the structure and function of this protease across the diversity of known coronaviruses, and evaluate past and present efforts to develop inhibitors to the nsp5 protease with a particular emphasis on new and mostly unexplored potential targets of inhibition. With the recent emergence of pandemic SARS-CoV-2, this review provides novel and potentially innovative strategies and directions to develop effective therapeutics against the coronavirus protease nsp5.

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Section: Human Coronaviruses Disease and The Potential For Future Emmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting novel structural and functional features of coronavirus protease nsp5 (3CLpro, Mpro) in the age of COVID-19

Roe

Junod

Young

et al. 2021

Journal of General Virology

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show abstract

“…In the urban areas, a clustered pattern of cases was observed, with the highest concentration occurring at the boundary zone between the northern Third Ring Road and the Chaoyang and Tongzhou districts. Notably, a higher number of cases were imported to Hebei and Shanxi provinces, while Inner Mongolia and Tianjin also experienced secondary transmission ( Fang et al., 2009 ; Cao et al., 2011 ; Xu et al., 2014 ). These findings indicate that population movement played a critical role in the rapid transmission of SARS in China.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of transmissibility and measures effectiveness of SARS in 8 regions, China, 2002-2003

Rui,

Qu,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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BackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a form of atypical pneumonia which took hundreds of lives when it swept the world two decades ago. The pathogen of SARS was identified as SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and it was mainly transmitted in China during the SARS epidemic in 2002-2003. SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have emerged from the SARS metapopulation of viruses. However, they gave rise to two different disease dynamics, a limited epidemic, and an uncontrolled pandemic, respectively. The characteristics of its spread in China are particularly noteworthy. In this paper, the unique characteristics of time, space, population distribution and transmissibility of SARS for the epidemic were discussed in detail.MethodsWe adopted sliding average method to process the number of reported cases per day. An SEIAR transmission dynamics model, which was the first to take asymptomatic group into consideration and applied indicators of R0, Reff, Rt to evaluate the transmissibility of SARS, and further illustrated the control effectiveness of interventions for SARS in 8 Chinese cities.ResultsThe R0 for SARS in descending order was: Tianjin city (R0 = 8.249), Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Shanxi Province, Hebei Province, Beijing City, Guangdong Province, Taiwan Province, and Hong Kong. R0 of the SARS epidemic was generally higher in Mainland China than in Hong Kong and Taiwan Province (Mainland China: R0 = 6.058 ± 1.703, Hong Kong: R0 = 2.159, Taiwan: R0 = 3.223). All cities included in this study controlled the epidemic successfully (Reff<1) with differences in duration. Rt in all regions showed a downward trend, but there were significant fluctuations in Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Taiwan Province compared to other areas.ConclusionThe SARS epidemic in China showed a trend of spreading from south to north, i.e., Guangdong Province and Beijing City being the central regions, respectively, and from there to the surrounding areas. In contrast, the SARS epidemic in the central region did not stir a large-scale transmission. There were also significant differences in transmissibility among eight regions, with R0 significantly higher in the northern region than that in the southern region. Different regions were able to control the outbreak successfully in differences time.

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“…Notably, in 2002, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) originated from the Guangdong province in Southern China and was rapidly spread to greater than 8,000 people in over 25 different countries [12]. As a result, over 750 deaths have been observed internationally and a case fatality rate of over 15% reported in certain populations [13][14][15]. In 2012, another coronavirus termed Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) mutated and jumped the species barrier from camels to humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immuno-epidemiology and pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

et al. 2020

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Occasional zoonotic viral attacks on immunologically naive populations result in massive death tolls that are capable of threatening human survival. Currently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the infectious agent that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has spread from its epicenter in Wuhan China to all parts of the globe. Real-time mapping of new infections across the globe has revealed that variable transmission patterns and pathogenicity are associated with differences in SARS-CoV-2 lineages, clades, and strains. Thus, we reviewed how changes in the SARS-CoV-2 genome and its structural architecture affect viral replication, immune evasion, and transmission within different human populations. We also looked at which immune dominant regions of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses are recognized by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)/Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) genes and how this could impact on subsequent disease pathogenesis. Efforts were also placed on understanding immunological changes that occur when exposed individuals either remain asymptomatic or fail to control the virus and later develop systemic complications. Published autopsy studies that reveal alterations in the lung immune microenvironment, morphological, and pathological changes are also explored within the context of the review. Understanding the true correlates of protection and determining how constant virus evolution impacts on host-pathogen interactions could help identify which populations are at high risk and later inform future vaccine and therapeutic interventions.

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The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Epidemic in Mainland China Dissected

Abstract: This paper provides a review

Cited by 8 publications

References 12 publications

Targeting novel structural and functional features of coronavirus protease nsp5 (3CLpro, Mpro) in the age of COVID-19

Targeting novel structural and functional features of coronavirus protease nsp5 (3CLpro, Mpro) in the age of COVID-19

Assessment of transmissibility and measures effectiveness of SARS in 8 regions, China, 2002-2003

Immuno-epidemiology and pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

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