The Shape Solidity of the Glenoid Fossa of the Scapula is Sexually Dimorphic: A New Approach to Understanding the Glenoid Fossa

Abstract

Sexual dimorphism in the size of the glenoid fossa of the scapula is well‐established; however, there remains little information with regard to differences in glenoid shape between sexes. Therefore, this study assessed 71 glenoid fossae from dry scapula. Three differential equations were utilized to ensure that scapulae were appropriately sexed and, accordingly, included in the study. When all three equations were in agreement with regard to sex, the scapula was included for study. A total of 64 scapulae (45 females and 19 males) met inclusion criteria. Shape parameters that were assessed included circularity (4π*area/perimeter2), roundness (4*area/π*major axis2), aspect ratio of a bet‐fit ellipse (major axis/minor axis), and solidity (area/area of a convex hull). Shape parameters such as circularity, aspect ratio, and roundness were not significantly different between sexes; however, solidity was significantly different between females and males (p=0.0475). The results demonstrate a difference in the concavity of the boundary of the glenoid fossa between sexes. Further study should elucidate the functional differences in glenohumeral joint biomechanics with regard to the solidity of the glenoid fossa while taking sex into consideration. Support or Funding Information WV Research Challenge Fund [HEPC.dsr.17.06]

Morphological variation of the European Pond Turtle, Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus 1758), on the island of Menorca

“…Shape variation of the carapace and plastron was evaluated using a roundness index (4 × area/π × [major axis] 2 ), the value of which ranges from 0 to 1, with 1 being a mathematically perfect circle (Bolden et al 2020). For traits highly collinear with body size (carapace width and height, bridge width, plastral length, precloacal tail length, carapace curvature, and body mass), we used ANCOVA to determine intersexual differences.…”