Gantzer muscles are anatomical variations found within the flexor compartment of the forearm. The Gantzer muscle typically arises from the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and inserts into the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) or flexor digitorum profundus (FDP). The presence of this muscle can cause various compressive injuries, including neuropathy of the median or anterior interosseous nerve and impingement of the ulnar, common, or anterior interosseous arteries. Despite its high prevalence, the Gantzer muscle is often excluded from the differential for acute compartment syndrome and should be further considered during treatment and surgical management. This study expanded upon a previous assessment of cadaveric specimen forearms to determine further the prevalence of origin, insertion, and innervation of Gantzer muscles, as well as possible compressions induced from impingement by the anomalous muscle. A total of 288 limbs were dissected in 144 cadavers. The Gantzer muscle was found in 54.6% (148:271) of limbs. Therefore, in general, the Gantzer muscle is more likely to be present than absent. This report also details common and uncommon origins and insertions of Gantzer variants. Support or Funding Information T. Walley Williams Summer Anatomy Research Fellowship; WV Research Challenge Fund [HEPC.dsr.17.06]

Sexual dimorphism in the size of the glenoid fossa of the scapula is well‐established; however, there remains little information with regard to differences in glenoid shape between sexes. Therefore, this study assessed 71 glenoid fossae from dry scapula. Three differential equations were utilized to ensure that scapulae were appropriately sexed and, accordingly, included in the study. When all three equations were in agreement with regard to sex, the scapula was included for study. A total of 64 scapulae (45 females and 19 males) met inclusion criteria. Shape parameters that were assessed included circularity (4π*area/perimeter2), roundness (4*area/π*major axis2), aspect ratio of a bet‐fit ellipse (major axis/minor axis), and solidity (area/area of a convex hull). Shape parameters such as circularity, aspect ratio, and roundness were not significantly different between sexes; however, solidity was significantly different between females and males (p=0.0475). The results demonstrate a difference in the concavity of the boundary of the glenoid fossa between sexes. Further study should elucidate the functional differences in glenohumeral joint biomechanics with regard to the solidity of the glenoid fossa while taking sex into consideration. Support or Funding Information WV Research Challenge Fund [HEPC.dsr.17.06]

The fibularis (peroneus) quartus muscle is a variant muscle located in the lateral leg compartment that, when present, resides posterior to the fibularis longus and brevis muscles. Only found in approximately 11.5% of legs, the fibularis quartus arises from the lower one‐third of the fibula and descends to wrap posteriorly around the lateral malleolus. Confusion in the nomenclature arises due to the variations seen in regards to the distal insertion point of this variant leg muscle. The fibularis quartus can insert into the foot at a variety of locations, leading to many variations in the naming of the subtypes of this muscle. If the fibularis quartus muscle inserts into the retrotrochlear eminence and fibular (peroneal) trochlea of the calcaneus, it is called the fibulocalcaneus externus, which are the most common insertion sites. More distally, the fibularis quartus can insert into the cuboid bone, which is called the fibulocuboideus, though this variant is seen less frequently. Even further into the foot, a variation of the fibularis quartus may insert into the fifth metatarsal of the foot, changing its name to the fibularis digiti minimi (quinti). In this study, we examined the lateral leg compartment to see if a fibularis quartus may be present. In three of 20 legs (15%), a fibularis quartus muscle was identified. The first two examples were the more common fibulocalcaneus externus variant, in that this muscle inserted into the calcaneus. The third example was unique in that its distal tendon split to insert onto the calcaneus as well as the talus bone. The rare example of a fibulotalocalcaneus (peroneotalocalcaneus) muscle has only been reported once previously. This rare variant of the fibularis quartus is only the second known example of this exceedingly rare fibularis quartus variant. This finding is important clinically due to the presence of a fibularis quartus muscle being related to chronic lateral ankle pain and ankle instability. It is also important for radiologists, surgeons, and clinicians to be aware of these lateral leg muscle variants when looking at radiological imaging or in advance of surgical procedures in the lateral leg or foot. Support or Funding Information T. Walley Williams Summer Anatomy Research Fellowship; WV Research Challenge Fund [HEPC.dsr.17.06]; WVU Research Apprenticeship Program (RAP)

Performing imaging studies such as CT and MRI on cadavers in a gross anatomy setting may be particularly challenging or not feasible. Therefore, other imaging modalities should be investigated. This report highlights the utility of white‐light 3D scanning in a gross anatomical setting as applied to a shape compatibility analysis among iliac crest grafts and native mandibular anatomy in seven cadavers. Upon resection of iliac crests and mandibles, white‐light 3D scanning was performed, digital meshes (e.g., .ply files) were edited, and geometric morphometric analysis was performed using varied software to determine regions of shape compatibility/incompatibility. The results of the white‐light scanning resemble the detail of 3D reconstructions from CT and MRI for surface renderings; though, white‐light scanning has limitations with regard to visualizing underlying structures. The study concludes that white‐light scanning has utility in the gross anatomy setting, particularly as it related to 3D surface analysis as demonstrated by the analysis of the iliac crest graft as it relates to the anatomy of the mandible. Also, digital models can be manipulated with software and also be printed to produce physical models. White‐light scanning is suited for the gross anatomy laboratory setting and provides highly accurate digital renderings that are applicable to research as well as basic science and clinical education. Support or Funding Information WVU INTRO (Initiation to Research Opportunities) Summer Research program; WV Research Challenge Fund [HEPC.dsr.17.06]

Recently, reports have documented the reconstruction of the infraorbital rim with costal cartilage grafts. In order to determine the costal cartilage with the shape that is most compatible to that of the infraorbital rim, a geometric morphometric analysis was performed. Cadaveric costal cartilages 5–7 and infraorbital rims were skeletonized and photographed. Photographs were utilized to perform shape analysis. The report highlights the pros and cons of utilizing costal cartilage from each level and side of the body. This information will help improve pre‐operative decision making in the reconstruction of the infraorbital rim. Support or Funding Information WVU INTRO (Initiation to Research Opportunities) Summer Research program; WV Research Challenge Fund [HEPC.dsr.17.06]