Gantzer muscles are anatomical variations found within the flexor compartment of the forearm. The Gantzer muscle typically arises from the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and inserts into the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) or flexor digitorum profundus (FDP). The presence of this muscle can cause various compressive injuries, including neuropathy of the median or anterior interosseous nerve and impingement of the ulnar, common, or anterior interosseous arteries. Despite its high prevalence, the Gantzer muscle is often excluded from the differential for acute compartment syndrome and should be further considered during treatment and surgical management. This study expanded upon a previous assessment of cadaveric specimen forearms to determine further the prevalence of origin, insertion, and innervation of Gantzer muscles, as well as possible compressions induced from impingement by the anomalous muscle. A total of 288 limbs were dissected in 144 cadavers. The Gantzer muscle was found in 54.6% (148:271) of limbs. Therefore, in general, the Gantzer muscle is more likely to be present than absent. This report also details common and uncommon origins and insertions of Gantzer variants. Support or Funding Information T. Walley Williams Summer Anatomy Research Fellowship; WV Research Challenge Fund [HEPC.dsr.17.06]

Performing imaging studies such as CT and MRI on cadavers in a gross anatomy setting may be particularly challenging or not feasible. Therefore, other imaging modalities should be investigated. This report highlights the utility of white‐light 3D scanning in a gross anatomical setting as applied to a shape compatibility analysis among iliac crest grafts and native mandibular anatomy in seven cadavers. Upon resection of iliac crests and mandibles, white‐light 3D scanning was performed, digital meshes (e.g., .ply files) were edited, and geometric morphometric analysis was performed using varied software to determine regions of shape compatibility/incompatibility. The results of the white‐light scanning resemble the detail of 3D reconstructions from CT and MRI for surface renderings; though, white‐light scanning has limitations with regard to visualizing underlying structures. The study concludes that white‐light scanning has utility in the gross anatomy setting, particularly as it related to 3D surface analysis as demonstrated by the analysis of the iliac crest graft as it relates to the anatomy of the mandible. Also, digital models can be manipulated with software and also be printed to produce physical models. White‐light scanning is suited for the gross anatomy laboratory setting and provides highly accurate digital renderings that are applicable to research as well as basic science and clinical education. Support or Funding Information WVU INTRO (Initiation to Research Opportunities) Summer Research program; WV Research Challenge Fund [HEPC.dsr.17.06]

Recently, reports have documented the reconstruction of the infraorbital rim with costal cartilage grafts. In order to determine the costal cartilage with the shape that is most compatible to that of the infraorbital rim, a geometric morphometric analysis was performed. Cadaveric costal cartilages 5–7 and infraorbital rims were skeletonized and photographed. Photographs were utilized to perform shape analysis. The report highlights the pros and cons of utilizing costal cartilage from each level and side of the body. This information will help improve pre‐operative decision making in the reconstruction of the infraorbital rim. Support or Funding Information WVU INTRO (Initiation to Research Opportunities) Summer Research program; WV Research Challenge Fund [HEPC.dsr.17.06]

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Background Medicinal leech therapy, otherwise known as hirudotherapy or leeching, has been utilized for numerous pathologies over centuries. The technique resurfaced in modern medicine for its beneficial effects in microsurgical complications, particularly venous congestion. Recently, several cases have documented the utilization of medicinal leech therapy for the management of urologic disease states and surgical complications. It is important to understand the past, present, and future possibilities for hirudotherapy in urology. However, a systematic review of medical leech therapy in this context has yet to be conducted. Accordingly, and with an emphasis on salient clinical details, this study aims to systematically review the cases of hirudotherapy applied to urological conditions. Main body of the abstract A systematic review of cases in MEDLINE/PubMed was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Of 49 search results, 11 articles detailing 13 unique cases of medicinal leech therapy used in the urological context were included. Hirudotherapy was conducted in 10 of 13 cases (76.9%) for the management of congested blood occurring in five cases post-penile replantation, two cases of postoperative scrotal hematoma, two cases of venous congestion of the glans post-neonatal bladder exstrophy repair, and one case of refractory priapism. Leeching in the remaining three cases was for the management of penoscrotal edema in patients with hormone refractory prostate carcinoma treated with radical radiation therapy. All 13 cases (100%) reported clinical improvement from hirudotherapy. Venous congestion/hematoma cases noted decreased displaced blood volume. The patient experiencing priapism reported decreased pain despite the persistence of cavernosal swelling. The three cases of penoscrotal edema reported significant decreases in swelling due to serous fluid drainage from leech puncture sites. No complications or side effects were reported in the nine adult patients. The four postoperative neonatal patients all required blood product throughout treatment. Short conclusion The systematic review of the cases demonstrates that medicinal leech therapy is a favorable treatment option for individuals with varied urological pathologies and that hirudotherapy may improve post-surgical outcomes in the urological setting. Hirudotherapy should be considered as a viable treatment modality in specific venostatic urological conditions.