The shell middle distillate synthesis process (SMDS)

Eilers, J. M.; Posthuma, S. A.; Sie, S.T.

doi:10.1007/bf00764507

Cited by 135 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Other groups have estimated the thermal efficiency between 60-70% [21,30]. SHELL estimated the theoretical maximum thermal efficiency of ICL to 60% [32,33]. The overall efficiency of ICL (making methanol or di-methyl-ether) is 58.3% and 55.1% [30].…”

Section: System Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on coal-to-liquid fuels and its coal consumption

Höök

Aleklett

2009

Int. J. Energy Res.

153

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Continued reliance on oil is unsustainable and this has resulted in interest in alternative fuels. Coal-to-Liquids (CTL) can supply liquid fuels and have been successfully used in several cases, particularly in South Africa. This article reviews CTL theory and technology. Understanding the fundamental aspects of coal liquefaction technologies are vital for planning and policy-making, as future CTL systems will be integrated in a much larger global energy and fuel utilization system. Conversion ratios for CTL are generally estimated to be between 1-2 barrels/ton coal. This puts a strict limitation on future CTL capacity imposed by future coal production volumes, regardless of other factors such as economics, emissions or environmental concern. Assuming that 10% of world coal production can be diverted to CTL, the contribution to liquid fuel supply will be limited to only a few Mb/d. This prevents CTL from becoming a viable mitigation plan for liquid fuel shortage on a global scale. However, it is still possible for individual nations to derive significant shares of their fuel supply from CTL, but those nations must also have access to equally significant coal production capacities. It is unrealistic to claim that CTL provides a feasible solution to liquid fuels shortages created by peak oil. For the most part, it can only be a minor contributor and must be combined with other strategies.

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Section: System Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on coal-to-liquid fuels and its coal consumption

Höök

Aleklett

2009

Int. J. Energy Res.

153

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“…21 This paper was written before Shell's Bintulu, Malaysia plant began operation in 1992. Since that time, several competing technologies have been brought to light that could significantly improve the economics of GTL technology.…”

Section: Status Of Gtl Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Options for Gas-to-Liquids Technology in Alaska

Robertson¹

1999

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The Alaska North Slope (ANS) holds a vast resource of natural gas but has no current method of transportation from the North Slope to world markets. The Prudhoe Bay field contains the largest portion of the discovered natural gas on the North Slope or about 21.8 Tcf of natural gas available for sale after CO 2 removal and satisfying power requirements and other North Slope use. The natural gas at Prudhoe Bay that is produced during oil production operations is reinjected and used to increase oil recovery. Currently, there are two broad gas-marketing schemes proposed for commercializing the natural gas on the North Slope. One is a gas-pipeline/liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant scenario; the other is a gas-toliquids (GTL) option that chemically converts the natural gas to a stable, liquid syn-crude in a North Slope plant, eliminating the need for an additional pipeline from the North Slope to a southern Alaska port.The purposes of this report were to assess the effect of applying new technology to the economics of a proposed GTL plant, to evaluate the potential of a slower-paced, staged deployment of GTL technology, and to evaluate the effect of GTL plant placement on economics.Five scenarios were economically evaluated and compared: a no-major-gas-sales scenario, a gaspipeline/LNG scenario, a fast-paced GTL development scenario, a slow-paced GTL development scenario, and a scenario which places the GTL plant in lower Alaska, instead of on the North Slope. Evaluations were completed using an after-tax discounted cash flow analysis. Results indicate that the slowpaced GTL scenario is the only one with a rate of return greater than 10 percent. The other scenarios did not show positive net present values under the economic conditions selected for the simulations. Their rank, in order of net present value, is as follows: slow-paced GTL development, no-major-gas-sales, fastpaced GTL development, a fast-paced GTL development in southern Alaska, and finally a gaspipeline/LNG project.The slow-paced GTL development would allow cost saving on subsequent expansions. These assumed savings along with the lowering of the transportation tariff combine to distinguish this option for marketing the North Slope gas from the other scenarios. Critical variables that need further consideration include the GTL plant cost, the GTL product premium, and operating and maintenance costs. Reducing these costs, or increasing the premium, would increase the profitability of the GTL process. In addition, understanding these variables better and reducing their uncertainty would allow a more accurate prediction of economic profitability. v EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe Alaska North Slope (ANS) holds a vast resource of natural gas but has no current method of transportation from the North Slope to world markets. The Prudhoe Bay field contains the largest portion of the discovered natural gas on the North Slope or about 21.8 Tcf of natural gas available for sale after CO 2 removal and satisfying power requirements and other North Slope use. The natur...

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“…This FT plant uses the Lurgi combined reforming process for synthesis gas production, followed by SASOL's Synthol reactor technology and a variety of olefin conversion processes to produce finished fuel products (Eisenberg, 1994). In 1993, a FT-type plant was constructed in Malaysia to convert natural gas to diesel fuel using the Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis (SMDS) process (Eilers, 1990;Tijm, 1993;OGJ, 1995).…”

Section: Synthesis Gas Conversion Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The products of the Shell SMDS process are pure paraffh, fiee fiom impurities such as nitrogen and sulfur and from aromatic species. Hence, the products have a low environmental impact upon combustion, which makes them ideal for blending with gasoline or diesel fiom normal petroleum refining for upgrading the 3-1 1 products to meet newer emission standards (Eilers, 1990). …”

Section: -9mentioning

confidence: 99%

Economics of Alaska North Slope gas utilization options

Thomas¹,

Doughty²,

Hackworth³

et al. 1996

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Under DOE Idaho Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-941D13223t DISCLAIMERPortions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. ECONOMICS OF ALASKA NORTH SLOPE GAS UTILIZATION OPTIONS ABSTRACTThe recoverable natural gas available for sale in the developed and known undeveloped fields on the Alaskan North Slope (ANS) total about 26 trillion cubic feet (TCF), including 22 TCF in the Prudhoe Bay Unit (PBU) and 3 TCF in the undeveloped Point Thomson Unit (PTU). No significant commercial use has been made of this large natural gas resource because there are no facilities in place to transport this gas to current markets. To date the economics have not been favorable to support development of a gas transportation system. However, with the declining trend in A N S oil production, interest in development of this huge gas resource is rising, making it important for the U.S. Department of Energy, industry, and the State of Alaska to evaluate and assess the options for development of this vast gas resource.The purpose of this study was to assess whether gas-to-liquids (GTL) conversion technology would be an economic alternative for the development and sale of the large, remote, and currently &arketable A N S natural gas resource, and to compare the long term economic impact of a GTL conversion option to that of the more frequently discussed natural gas pipeline/liquefied natural gas (LNG) option. The major components of the study are: an assessment of the A N S oil and gas resources; an analysis of conversion and transportation options; a review of natural gas, LNG, and selected oil product markets; and an economic analysis of the LNG and GTL gas sales options based on publicly available input needed for assumptions of the economic variables. Uncertainties in assumptions are evaluated by determining the sensitivity of project economics to changes in baseline economic variables.The projects evaluated assume gas sales from PBU start in 2005 and reach a peak rate of 2.05 billion cubic feet per day (BCFPD) in 2009, and sales from PTU starting in 2008 at 0.44 BCFPD, for a combined peak rate of 2.49 BCFPD. This results in sales of 17 million metric tomes per year of LNG, or 300 thousand barrels per day of a GTL liquid hydrocarbon product compatible with the North Slope crude oil and transportable in the Trans Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS). The total investment (1995$) for the LNG option is $17 billion and $13 billion for the GTL option. Both include investments necessary to develop PTU.The results of the economic evaluations, prepared using the Energy Information Administration 1995 Reference Oil Price forecast that anticipates real oil price growth of about 2.4%/yrY indicate that both LNG and GTL project options will be profitable (10% rate of return on investment) for the gas project developers. In addition, economic returns to the PBU and PTU gas producing units will be higher than they would be without gas sales. Also, of the two options, the GTL...

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The shell middle distillate synthesis process (SMDS)

Cited by 135 publications

References 4 publications

A review on coal-to-liquid fuels and its coal consumption

A review on coal-to-liquid fuels and its coal consumption

Options for Gas-to-Liquids Technology in Alaska

Economics of Alaska North Slope gas utilization options

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