The significance of gas chromatographic impurity patterns obtained from illicitly produced amphetamine

Sanger, D.G.; Humphreys, I.J.; Patel, Ayyub; Japp, M.; Osborne, Roy

doi:10.1016/0379-0738(85)90160-4

Cited by 27 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…This similar peak pattern was evidence, that the used SPE procedure was capable to extract the various organic compounds from the aqueous waste samples which were identified as following:Benzyl alcohol (A) is an impurity which was up to now only reported in methamphetamine samples 31,32. 4M5PP is one of the most commonly reported impurities of amphetamine12,33,35,40,41,[45][46][47] and considered route specific for the Leuckart reaction. This compound (F) was also found by others in methamphetamine31,32,[34][35][36] and in amphetamine 12,37 samples.…”

supporting

confidence: 61%

Characterisation of aqueous waste produced during the clandestine production of amphetamine following the Leuckart route utilising solid‐phase extraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection

Hauser

Hulshof

Rößler

et al. 2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Chemical waste from the clandestine production of amphetamine is of forensic and environmental importance due to its illegal nature which often leads to dumping into the environment. In this study, 27 aqueous amphetamine waste samples from controlled Leuckart reactions performed in Germany, the Netherlands, and Poland were characterised to increase knowledge about the chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics of such waste. Aqueous waste samples from different reaction steps were analysed to determine characteristic patterns which could be used for classification. Conductivity, pH, density, ionic load, and organic compounds were determined using different analytical methods. Conductivity values ranged from 1 to over 200 mS/cm, pH values from 0 to 14, and densities from 1.0 to 1.3 g/cm . A capillary electrophoresis method with contactless conductivity detection (CE-C D) was developed and validated to quantify chloride, sulphate, formate, ammonium, and sodium ions which were the most abundant ions in the investigated waste samples. A solid-phase extraction sample preparation was used prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis to determine the organic compounds. Using the characterisation data of the known samples, it was possible to assign 16 seized clandestine waste samples from an amphetamine production to the corresponding synthesis step. The data also allowed us to draw conclusions about the synthesis procedure and used chemicals. The presented data and methods could support forensic investigations by showing the probative value of synthesis waste when investigating the illegal production of amphetamine. It can also act as starting point to develop new approaches to tackle the problem of clandestine waste dumping.

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supporting

confidence: 61%

Characterisation of aqueous waste produced during the clandestine production of amphetamine following the Leuckart route utilising solid‐phase extraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection

Hauser

Hulshof

Rößler

et al. 2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

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show abstract

“…The abundance of the impurities www.elsevier.com/locate/forsciint Forensic Science International 149 (2005) 231-241 associated with a certain route is also affected by differences in the conditions employed in the synthesis [3,4]. The quantities of these impurities are often measured to establish links between amphetamine seizures, and this procedure is usually referred to as impurity profiling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a harmonised method for the profiling of amphetamines

Aalberg¹,

Andersson²,

Bertler³

et al. 2005

Forensic Science International

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“…It is an established fact that so-called impurity profiles can aid in the elucidation of the followed synthetic route and can be adopted in gaining information regarding underground distribution networks [1,2]. Hitherto, the majority of published scientific articles dealing with the topic discuss illicitly produced amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), in which the emphasis usually is on the Birch reduction [3], LiAlH 4 reduction of nitrostyrene derivatives [4], the Leuckart reaction and/or other reductive amination procedures [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A neolignan-type impurity arising from the peracid oxidation reaction of anethole in the surreptitious synthesis of 4-methoxyamphetamine (PMA)

Waumans¹,

Hermans²,

Bruneel³

et al. 2004

Forensic Science International

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The significance of gas chromatographic impurity patterns obtained from illicitly produced amphetamine

Cited by 27 publications

References 3 publications

Characterisation of aqueous waste produced during the clandestine production of amphetamine following the Leuckart route utilising solid‐phase extraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection

Characterisation of aqueous waste produced during the clandestine production of amphetamine following the Leuckart route utilising solid‐phase extraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection

Development of a harmonised method for the profiling of amphetamines

A neolignan-type impurity arising from the peracid oxidation reaction of anethole in the surreptitious synthesis of 4-methoxyamphetamine (PMA)

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