The Significance of Interspecific Competition in Bird Life

Udvardy, Miklos D. F.

doi:10.2307/3565132

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…We assumed a competitive burden at the same stage for both vectors and hosts. Mosquitoes are more likely to share a niche, and hence, compete the most (for space and nutrients) during the early larval stages [ 5 ], while competition in birds (for territory and food) can be expected to be stronger when they are adults [ 7 ]. Then, in future studies, it would be fair to assume low values for the amount of intra and interspecific competition acting at birth (given by d ii and d ij respectively).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, at the level of the vectors, mosquitoes compete mostly during early larval stages when the resources are more limited [ 5 ]. At the host level, birds compete mostly for food, territory, and mating opportunities [ 6 , 7 ]. At the within-host level, pathogens can interact, for example, by releasing toxic compounds or otherwise interfere with the growth of their competitors [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the influence of competition on arbovirus invasion risk in communities

2022

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Arbovirus outbreaks in communities are affected by how vectors, hosts and non-competent species interact. In this study, we investigate how ecological interactions between species and epidemiological processes influence the invasion potential of a vector-borne disease. We use an eco-epidemiological model to explore the basic reproduction number R0 for a range of interaction strengths in key processes, using West Nile virus infection to parameterize the model. We focus our analysis on intra and interspecific competition between vectors and between hosts, as well as competition with non-competent species. We show that such ecological competition has non-linear effects on R0 and can greatly impact invasion risk. The presence of multiple competing vector species results in lower values for R0 while host competition leads to the highest values of risk of disease invasion. These effects can be understood in terms of how the competitive pressures influence the vector-to-host ratio, which has a positive relationship with R0. We also show numerical examples of how vector feeding preferences become more relevant in high competition conditions between hosts. Under certain conditions, non-competent hosts, which can lead to a dilution effect for the pathogen, can have an amplification effect if they compete strongly with the competent hosts, hence facilitating pathogen invasion in the community.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the influence of competition on arbovirus invasion risk in communities

2022

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“…Because the mating season of L. europeus starts earlier than that of L. timidus, it seems probable that, as L. europeus spreads into the range of L. timidus, more females of the latter would be cross-mated and hence leave no productive progeny. In this way the gradual range extension of L. europeus is causing a progressive extinction of L. timidus (Udvardy, 1951).…”

Section: Evolution From Community To Biomementioning

confidence: 99%

A synthesis of evolutionary theory

Ross¹

1962

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Preface chemistry, genetics, geology, ecology, and many other bordering fields. Presenting a general background in each of these contributing fields is, of course, outside the objectives of this book, but in some fields, such as genetics and ecology, an explanation is given for those facets needed to understand the basic concepts pertinent to evolution. These brief explanations are included so that the non-specialist in these fields may gain a grasp of this inter-disciplinary information to achieve a cohesive philosophy of evolution. Such a philosophy of evolution, embracing the entire scope of the evolutionary process, starts with pre-stellar evolution and continues by logical steps to the evolution of biomes. Preface ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A book of this kind is in effect a distillation of information in the literature and the ideas from one's own research program extending over many years. It is therefore with deep thanks that I acknowledge reactions in the star may make different elements. Furthermore, stars may follow different evolutionary paths, each producing a different complement of elements during the life of the star. According to Fowler and the Burbidges, enough such element-making processes are known, or theoretically possible, to account for the formation of all the elements. From this they deduce that our sun, possessing all of the elements possible at its temperatures, is a third generation star. THE SOLAR SYSTEM The sun, composed chiefly of hydrogen and helium, is quite an ordinary star compared with others in the universe. Hoyle (1950) recognized that the earth and other planets of the solar system are "freaks" in the astronomical sense because they contain a high proportion of heavier elements such as iron and nickel. Many Index Abies, 190 magnifica, 259 Acanihiza, 167 Acetylene, 45 Acheta, 119, 186 Acquired characters, inheritance of, 2 Action of land bridges, 302 Adaptations, 114 directional factors, 151 stability in, 140 Adapted, 111 Adaptive change, 140 radiation, 221, 341 Adenine, 38, 39 Aedes, 161, 240 Aegilops speltoides, 202 African migratory locust, 128, 130 Age and area theory, 320 Alanine, 34, 45, 52 Alleles, 63, 82 AUocapnia, 247 pijgmaea, 173 sandersoni, 173 vivipara, 105 Allochronic speciation, 186 Allometry, 64 human, 64

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“…It is probable that niche segregation of species becomes established at times of stress or crises like this, and after the behavior pattern once becomes fixed in the species, only sporadic attacks of one species on another are thereafter sufficient to check random variations away from the standard pattern. At times other than those of stress, direct conflict between species is not often observed so that its importance in segregating species to particular niches is occasionally not fully appreciated (Lack 1944, Udvardy 1951, Andrewartha and Birch 1954.…”

Section: Inheritancementioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Ecology

Kendeigh¹

1961

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Aide Leopold, wildlife manager. BackgroundConcentration of studies not on the rare but on the most abundant and influential organisms in the community. Measurement and evaluation of physical factors in the actual microhabitat occupied by organisms. Correlation of findings of experimental studies of organisms in the laboratory with observations of those organisms in the field. Use of quantitative-not just qualitative-techniques in field studies as well as laboratory studies. A study of organisms in the field may bring to light problems which will be most expediently worked out in the laboratory ; but field and laboratory investi-Iictuiin;/ till' beauty oj its on/anicatiou is perhaps better in proportion ( Mac lady en 1957: 246). RKLATION TO OTHER SCIENCESEcology is one of tlie three main divisions of biology : the other two being morphology and physiology. The emphasis in morphology is on understanding the structure of organisms ; in physiology, on how they function : and in ecology, on their adjustments to the environment. These divisions overlap broadly. To appreciate fully the structure of an organ, one needs to know how it functions, and the way it functions is clearly related to environmental conditions. The morphologist is concerned with problems of anatomy, histology, cytologj', embryology, evolution, and genetics : the physiologist, with interpreting functions in terms of chemistry, physics, and mathematics : and the ecologist, with distribution, behavior, populations, and communities. The evolution of adaptation and of species is of mutual interest to the ecologist and to the geneticist ; bioclimatology is a connecting link between ecology and physiology.All areas, in the final analysis, are simply different approaches to an understanding of the meaning of life. SUBDIVISIONS OF ECOLOGYEcology may be studied with particular reference to animals or to plants, hence animal ecology and plant ecology. Animal ecology, however, cannot be adequately understood except against a considerable background of plant ecology. When animals and plants are given equal emphasis, the term bioecology is often used. Courses in plant ecology usually dismiss animals as but one of many factors in the environment. Synecology is the study of communities, and autccology the study of species.In this book we shall survey the fundamentals and basic facts of animal ecology. We will study comnmnity ecology, the local distribution of animals in various habitats, the recognition of community units, and succession ; ecological dynamics, the processes of dispersal, ecesis, reaction, coaction, productivity, competition, speciation, and regulation of abundance ; and geographic ecology, geographic distribution, palaeoecology. and biomes. We will also be interested throughout the text with how species and individuals respond and adjust to the physical factors of their environment, but a full study of physiological ecology must be left to another time and place.When special consideration of their ecology is given to one or another taxonomic group,...

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The Significance of Interspecific Competition in Bird Life

Cited by 18 publications

References 20 publications

Exploring the influence of competition on arbovirus invasion risk in communities

Exploring the influence of competition on arbovirus invasion risk in communities

A synthesis of evolutionary theory

Animal Ecology

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