The significance of lipid peroxidation in cardiovascular disease

Abstract

Background: The metabolic syndrome describes a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that frequently appear together. Its diagnosis is generally based on several well-recognized indicators in clinical practice, such as abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, reduced highdensity lipoprotein, raised blood pressure, and elevated fasting plasma glucose. Today, decisive importance must be attached to the metabolic syndrome since it leads to increased morbidity and mortality, and thus to a decreased life expectancy, and to higher direct and indirect healthcare costs. This is also due to the fact that its symptomatology irradiates on many organs of the body, which may thereby be damaged. Methods: In the present clinical trial on 11 metabolic syndrome patients treated with Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761, 2  120 mg/d) for two months, ellipsometry, fluorescence microscopy, photometric methods, ELISAs and EIAs were applied for biosensor profiling of metabolic syndrome risk, status and treatment outcome. Results: A spectrum of more than 20 arteriosclerotic, cytokinic, inflammatory, lipidic, and oxidative stress biomarkers served for a detailed diagnosis and therapy monitoring. After medication, the ratio oxLDL/LDL was reduced by 21.0%, 8-iso-PGF 2α 39.8%, MPO 29.6%, IL-6 12.9%, hs-CRP 39.3%, Lp(a) 26.3%, MMP-9 32.9%, insulin 9.4%, HOMA-IR 14.0%, ALP 14.8%, CREA 11.3%, URAC 10.6%, in vitro modelled nanoplaque formation 14.3% and size 23.4%, whereas SOD was augmented by 17.7%, GPx 11.6%, cAMP 43.5%, and cGMP 32.9%. Special focus was concentrated on the significance of lipid peroxidation for cardio-cerebro-vascular diseases. Through multiple correlations between the biomarkers and clinical parameters, their significance for and involvement in several clinical pictures could be elucidated. Conclusion: The present clinical observational study was helpful in unravelling this network of biomarker interactions and demonstrated its usefulness for theranostics. For personalized medicine, the selection of the biomarkers is of decisive importance. On the background of a growing obesity among children and adolescents with an increase in prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, diagnosing this syndrome in young subjects may be helpful in identifying a population of risk for increased subclinical arteriosclerosis.

Oxidative Damage Markers Are Significantly Associated with the Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness after Controlling for Conventional Risk Factors of Atherosclerosis in Men

“…The lipid peroxidation detected by Isoprostane level was suggested as one of the key mechanism regarding to effect of air pollution on vascular diseases [ 32 ]. The complex combination of lipid peroxidation markers closely related to change of nano-plaque formation or size [ 33 ]. Hence, that clinical intervention study suggested that markers of lipid peroxidation might serve for monitoring of early diseases progress [ 33 ].…”

“…The complex combination of lipid peroxidation markers closely related to change of nano-plaque formation or size [ 33 ]. Hence, that clinical intervention study suggested that markers of lipid peroxidation might serve for monitoring of early diseases progress [ 33 ].…”

Combined lowering of low grade systemic inflammation and insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome patients treated with Ginkgo biloba

“…For short, the results of biomarker pattern analysis in the blood plasma of the patients shall be summarized as follows: nanoplaque formation was reduced by 14.3% (p < 0.0038) (from 1.0335 ± 0.0515 to 0.8857 ± 0.0185 [1]; p < 0.0077), nanoplaque size by 23.4% (p < 0.0010) (from 1.0730 ± 0.0741 to 0.8216 ± 0.0588 [1]; p < 0.0004), oxLDL/LDL by 21.0% (p < 0.002) (from 65.1 ± 3.0 to 50.7 ± 2.4 U/g; p < 0.0008), 8-iso-PGF 2a by 39.8% (p < 0.0084) (from 24.9 ± 4.6 to 15.0 ± 2.0 nmol/L; p < 0.0027), MPO by 29.6% (p < 0.0137) (from 60.4 ± 7.8 to 41.1 ± 7.7 ng/mL; p < 0.0118), IL-6 by 12.9% (p < 0.0407) (from 3.0 ± 0.5 to 2.6 ± 0.5 pg/mL; p < 0.0337), Lp(a) by 26.3% (p < 0.001) (from 50.8 ± 7.3 to 39.5 ± 6.3 mg/dL; p < 0.0005), MMP-9 by 32.9% (p < 0.042) (from 353.0 ± 60.5 to 228.4 ± 61.2 ng/mL; p < 0.0420), whereas SOD was augmented by 17.7% (p < 0.0095) (from 126.2 ± 9.0 to 146.2 ± 11.4 U/mL; p < 0.0095), GPx by 11.6% (p < 0.001) (from 6.0 ± 0.2 to 6.7 ± 0.2 U/ mL; p < 0.0005), cAMP by 43.5% (p < 0.001) (from 40.3 ± 3.8 to 54.5 ± 3.4 nmol/L; p < 0.0002), and cGMP by 32.9% (p < 0.001) (from 8.5 ± 0.5 to 10.9 ± 0.5 nmol/L; p < 0.0016) [2,4,5,7]. Detailed data for baseline values of body mass index, glucose, insulin, triglycerides (important potential confounders), as well as for lowering in hs-CRP and HOMA-IR are presented in Table 1.…”

“…Since we had observed a decrease both in hs-CRP and HOMA-IR as well as in nanoplaque formation and size, biomarkers of oxidative stress, plaque formation, stability and progression, and inflammation in a clinical pilot study in MS patients treated with Ginkgo biloba, we revisited these laboratory parameters [2,3].…”

Effect of 5-trans Isomer of Arachidonic Acid on Model Liposomal Membranes Studied by a Combined Simulation and Experimental Approach

“…Indeed, its four double bonds render it more susceptible to oxidation (Gardner 1989) and its 5-trans and 8-trans isomers are related to the endogenous radical-based cis-trans isomerization (Folch, Lees et al 1957, Ferreri, Samadi et al 2004. Taking into account also the close relationship between oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation with various pathological conditions including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes (Birben, Sahiner et al 2012, Siegel, Ermilov et al 2014, investigating the role of cis-trans arachidonic acid isomerization on the membrane physicochemical properties could provide additional useful information on the role of stress root conditions in health and disease.…”