The Simulation of Smiles (SIMS) model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression

Niedenthal, Paula M.; Mermillod, Martial; Maringer, Marcus; Heß, Ursula

doi:10.1017/s0140525x10000865

Cited by 503 publications

(530 citation statements)

References 404 publications

(519 reference statements)

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“…For example, consider the "happy" models in Fig. 3-East Asian models show an early increased activation of the orbicularis oculi muscle, pars lateralis (action unit 6) which typifies "genuine" smiles (26,30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally universal

Jack

Garrod

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

711

484

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Since Darwin's seminal works, the universality of facial expressions of emotion has remained one of the longest standing debates in the biological and social sciences. Briefly stated, the universality hypothesis claims that all humans communicate six basic internal emotional states (happy, surprise, fear, disgust, anger, and sad) using the same facial movements by virtue of their biological and evolutionary origins [Susskind JM, et al. (2008) Nat Neurosci 11:843-850]. Here, we refute this assumed universality. Using a unique computer graphics platform that combines generative grammars [Chomsky N (1965) MIT Press, Cambridge, MA] with visual perception, we accessed the mind's eye of 30 Western and Eastern culture individuals and reconstructed their mental representations of the six basic facial expressions of emotion. Crosscultural comparisons of the mental representations challenge universality on two separate counts. First, whereas Westerners represent each of the six basic emotions with a distinct set of facial movements common to the group, Easterners do not. Second, Easterners represent emotional intensity with distinctive dynamic eye activity. By refuting the long-standing universality hypothesis, our data highlight the powerful influence of culture on shaping basic behaviors once considered biologically hardwired. Consequently, our data open a unique nature-nurture debate across broad fields from evolutionary psychology and social neuroscience to social networking via digital avatars.modeling | reverse correlation | categorical perception | top-down processing | cultural specificity

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally universal

Jack

Garrod

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

711

484

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Facial motor activity has been extensively studied in the context of imitation [11], and is generally referred to as facial mimicry. Mimicry has been proposed as a lowcost, low-risk reflexive behaviour sub-serving the creation of affiliation and bonding [12 -14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fairness modulates non-conscious facial mimicry in women

et al. 2012

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In societies with high cooperation demands, implicit consensus on social norms enables successful human coexistence. Mimicking other people's actions and emotions has been proposed as a means to synchronize behaviour, thereby enhancing affiliation. Mimicry has long been thought to be reflexive, but it has recently been suggested that mimicry might also be motivationally driven. Here, we show during an economic bargaining game that automatic happy mimicry of those making unfair offers disappears. After the bargaining game, when the proposers have acquired either a fair or unfair reputation, we observe increased angry mimicry of proposers with an unfair reputation and decreased angry mimicry of fair proposers. These findings provide direct empirical evidence that non-conscious mimicry is modulated by fairness. We interpret the present results as reflecting that facial mimicry in women functions conditionally, dependent on situational demands.

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“…(Jensen & Cuffari, 2014;Wood, et al, 2016). And more importantly, this relationship is bilateral, which is convincingly shown in experiments with an artificially induced smile that influenced a change in the emotional assessment of the perceived (Niedenthal et al, 2010). These studies date back to the theory of mirror neurons in the brain (Rizzolatti & Craighero, 2004;Gallese, 2012), due to which the observed actions of the other are reflected in the human psyche as his own.…”

Section: The Theory Of Enactivismmentioning

confidence: 78%

Enactivism And Embodied Cognition In Education Of Music Teachers

Samatovna¹

2017

European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences

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The relevance of this work is related to the need to modernize the content of professional training of future music teachers in accordance with the current level of development of pedagogical science. The research problem is to consider the possibility of introducing some new aspects grounded on modern scientific approach to cognition and learning into the theoretical and practical training of teachers. These include the theory of enactivism and embodied cognition, based on the interactivity between an organism and its environment. These theoretical premises open up new prospects for improving the professional training of a music teacher of the 21st century. It has been found that several methods of musical training, which are inherently enactive and embodied, were found in the past practice in an intuitive way. The study of these methods from the point of view of modern scientific achievements gives them a new meaning and evaluation and should enter into the content of training of future music teachers.More effectively the students' acquisition of new knowledge was realized on a complex basis, in the interrelation of theoretical and practical educational activities. A greater role in this process is played by the experience of students' own musical performance, because it allows to feel the effectiveness of these methods through their own body

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The Simulation of Smiles (SIMS) model: Embodied simulation and the meaning of facial expression

Cited by 503 publications

References 404 publications

Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally universal

Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally universal

Fairness modulates non-conscious facial mimicry in women

Enactivism And Embodied Cognition In Education Of Music Teachers

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