The size distribution of the urban aerosol in Vienna

Berner, A.; Lürzer, Ch.; Pohl, F.G.; Preining, O.; Wagner, Paul

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(79)90105-0

Cited by 174 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…After initial analysis, the filters were returned to the freezer before further dehydration. After all dehydration steps were completed, X-ray fluorescence (XRF; Chester LabNet, Tigard, OR) was used to quantify the masses of elements Na, Mg, S, Cl, K, Ca, V, Fe, Br, and Sr. 17 Ambient submicrometer particles were also collected on additional filters using two-stage multijet cascade impactors 18 and analyzed with ion chromatography (IC) to quantify inorganic ions, including Na and Cl. 19,20 1.…”

Section: ■ Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of Sea Salt Hydrate Water from Seawater-Derived Samples by Dehydration

Frossard

Russell

2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Aerosol particles produced from bubble bursting of natural seawater contain both sea salts and organic components. Depending on the temperature, pressure, and speed of drying, the salt components can form hydrates that bind water, slowing evaporation of the water, particularly if large particles or thick layers of salts undergo drying that is nonuniform and incomplete. The water bound in these salt hydrates interferes with measuring organic hydroxyl and amine functional groups by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy because it absorbs at the same infrared wavelengths. Here, a method for separating the hydrate water in sea salt hydrates using freezing and then heating in warm, dry air (70°C) is evaluated and compared to other methods, including spectral subtraction. Laboratory-generated sea salt analogs show an efficient removal of 89% of the hydrate water absorption peak height by 24 h of heating at atmospheric pressure. The heating method was also applied to bubbled submicrometer (Sea Sweep), generated bulk (Bubbler), and atomized seawater samples, with efficient removal of 5, 22, and 39 μg of hydrate water from samples of initial masses of 11, 30, 58 μg, respectively. The strong spectral similarity between the difference of the initial and dehydrated spectra and the laboratory-generated sea salt hydrate spectrum provided verification of the removal of hydrate water. In contrast, samples of submicrometer atmospheric particles from marine air masses did not have detectable signatures of sea salt hydrate absorbance, likely because their smaller particles and lower filter loadings provided higher surface area to volume ratios and allowed faster and more complete drying. ■ INTRODUCTIONSeawater and freshly emitted sea spray particles are 97% water, by mass, but they also contain trace amounts of important organic components. A macroscopic sample of seawater dried to 0% RH can leave up to 15% of the mass of dry sea salt as bound water molecules in hydrates, 1 depending on the morphology of the salt mixture and the method of drying. The rationale for this study was to develop a method for characterizing the organic components of particles produced by seawater bubble bursting (and by other sources such as dust that retain substantial amounts of water bound as hydrates). FTIR spectroscopy has been shown effective for measuring the organic components of salt and dust-containing refractory particles, but the presence of hydrate water interferes with the measurement of organic hydroxyl groups.Evaporated seawater can include halite (NaCl), kieserite (MgSO 4 ·1H 2 O), carnallite (KMgCl 3 ·6H 2 O), anhydrite (CaSO 4 ), and bischofite (MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O). 2 The most abundant salt formed from standard seawater evaporation is NaCl (∼90%) followed by MgCl 2 and MgSO 4 (∼3−4% each) and KMgCl 3 and CaSO 4 (∼2% each). 2 Previous studies have shown absorbance in the infrared (IR) region of hydrate bound and liquid water in salt water mixtures using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy at differing RH values...

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Section: ■ Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Removal of Sea Salt Hydrate Water from Seawater-Derived Samples by Dehydration

Frossard

Russell

2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…In particular, some 5-stage Berner low-pressure impactors (Berner et al, 1979) were deployed by the CNR Bologna group. Each substrate set collected aerosol from multiple event or nonevent days, in order to collect as much mass of a particular aerosol type as possible.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size and composition measurements of background aerosol and new particle growth in a Finnish forest during QUEST 2 using an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer

et al. 2006

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Abstract. The study of the growth of nucleation-mode particles is important, as this prevents their loss through diffusion and allows them to reach sizes where they may become effective cloud condensation nuclei. Hyytiälä, a forested site in southern Finland, frequently experiences particle nucleation events during the spring and autumn, where particles first appear during the morning and continue to grow for several hours afterwards. As part of the QUEST 2 intensive field campaign during March and April 2003, an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) was deployed alongside other aerosol instrumentation to study the particulate composition and dynamics of growth events and characterise the background aerosol. Despite the small mass concentrations, the AMS was able to distinguish the grown particles in the <100 nm regime several hours after an event and confirm that the particles were principally organic in composition. The AMS was also able to derive a mass spectral fingerprint for the organic species present, and found that it was consistent between events and independent of the mean particle diameter during non-polluted cases, implying the same species were also condensing onto the accumulation mode. The results were compared with those from offline analyses such as GC-MS and were consistent with the hypothesis that the main components were alkanes from plant waxes and the oxidation products of terpenes.Correspondence to:

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“…diameter tubes that connected to the different instruments. The total sample flow through the PM 10 impactor was kept at 16.7 L min −1 to ensure a 50 % collection efficiency at 10 µm aerodynamic diameter (Berner et al, 1979).…”

Section: Inlet Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of relative humidity effects on aerosol light scattering in the Yangtze River Delta of China

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Scattering of solar radiation by aerosol particles is highly dependent on relative humidity (RH) as hygroscopic particles take up water with increasing RH. To achieve a better understanding of the effect of aerosol hygroscopic growth on light scattering properties and radiative forcing, the aerosol scattering coefficients at RH in the range of 40 to ∼ 90 % were measured using a humidified nephelometer system in the Yangtze River Delta of China in March 2013. In addition, the aerosol size distribution and chemical composition were measured. During the observation period, the mean and standard deviation (SD) of enhancement factors at RH = 85 % for the scattering coefficient (f (85 %)), backscattering coefficient (f b (85 %)), and hemispheric backscatter fraction (f β (85 %)) were 1.58 ± 0.12, 1.25 ± 0.07, and 0.79 ± 0.04, respectively, i.e., aerosol scattering coefficient and backscattering coefficient increased by 58 and 25 % as the RH increased from 40 to 85 %. Concurrently, the aerosol hemispheric backscatter fraction decreased by 21 %. The relative amount of organic matter (OM) or inorganics in PM 1 was found to be a main factor determining the magnitude of f (RH). The highest values of f (RH) corresponded to the aerosols with a small fraction of OM, and vice versa. The relative amount of NO − 3 in fine particles was strongly correlated with f (85 %), which suggests that NO − 3 played a vital role in aerosol hygroscopic growth during this study. The mass fraction of nitrate also had a close relationship to the curvature of the humidograms; higher mass fractions of nitrate were associated with humidograms that had the least curvature. Aerosol hygroscopic growth caused a 47 % increase in the calculated aerosol direct radiative forcing at 85 % RH, compared to the forcing at 40 % RH.

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The size distribution of the urban aerosol in Vienna

Cited by 174 publications

References 6 publications

Removal of Sea Salt Hydrate Water from Seawater-Derived Samples by Dehydration

Removal of Sea Salt Hydrate Water from Seawater-Derived Samples by Dehydration

Size and composition measurements of background aerosol and new particle growth in a Finnish forest during QUEST 2 using an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer

Observations of relative humidity effects on aerosol light scattering in the Yangtze River Delta of China

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