“…Adaptation has been observed for a variety of visual features, such as size, orientation, curvature, spatial frequency, motion, and complex and natural images (Webster & MacLin, 1999). In particular, aftereffects have now also been observed with distorted faces (e.g., contracted or expanded, changed spatial frequency) that are size and retinal position invariant (e.g., Leopold, O'Toole, Vetter, & Blanz, 2001;Rhodes, Jeffery, Watson, Clifford, & Nakayama, 2003;Zhao & Chubb, 2001). Higher order adaptation to natural facial categories, such as gender, ethnicity, attractiveness, and identity, has also been shown (e.g., Leopold et al, 2001;Rhodes et al, 2003;Webster et al, 2004).…”