Recently, Webster and MacLin demonstrated a face-distortion after-effect (FDAE) for both upright and inverted faces: adaptation to a distorted face makes a normal face appear distorted in the direction opposite to the adapting direction. Neurophysiological studies (e.g. Experimental Brain Research 65 (1986) 38) show that face-selective neurons in the superior temporal sulcus (STS) are remarkably size-invariant in their responses. If the site of adaptation underlying the FDAE is the homologous neuron population in human vision, then the FDAE should also be highly tolerant to changes in size between adapting and test faces. Here, we test this prediction. Observers were adapted to distorted upright/inverted faces of three different sizes (3.3 degrees x 3.7 degrees, 6.6 degrees x 7.5 degrees, and 13.1 degrees x 14.8 degrees ). For adapting faces of all three sizes, observers adjusted test faces of all three sizes until they appeared normal. Significant FDAEs were observed in all conditions. For both upright and inverted faces, FDAEs were approximately twice as strong when adapting and test faces were the same size than when they differed by even a single octave in size. The magnitudes of FDAEs were comparable for upright and inverted faces. The larger FDAEs for same-size adapting and test faces suggest that part of the FDAE derives from a neuron population with narrow size-tuning. However, the significant FDAEs obtained for adapting and test images differing by two octaves implicate a different neuron population with broad size-tuning, possibly the human homolog of the face-selective neuron population in monkey STS.

IMPORTANCE Prenatal maternal stress is increasingly associated with adverse outcomes in pregnant women and their offspring. However, the association between maternal stress and human fetal brain growth and metabolism is unknown. OBJECTIVE To identify the association between prenatal maternal psychological distress and fetal brain growth, cortical maturation, and biochemical development using advanced 3-dimensional volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS).

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Purpose To improve pseudo continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) robustness to off-resonance and pulsatile blood flow velocity. Methods The Bloch equations were solved to evaluate the effect of labeling parameters in a pulsatile flow model for a range of off-resonance. Experimental confirmation was achieved in volunteers using linear phase increase between labeling pulses to approximate off-resonance errors. The location of the labeling plane was first assessed on four volunteers, then a range of parameters, including balanced and unbalanced gradients, were explored in five more volunteers at an optimal labeling plane location. Results Simulations demonstrated that high velocities are vulnerable to off-resonance, that unbalanced PCASL outperforms balanced PCASL, that increased B1 and low average gradient improve the labeling efficiency for high velocity flow, and a low ratio of selective to average gradient improves off-resonance robustness. A good agreement between theory and experiment was observed. Conclusion The robustness of PCASL can be increased by selecting an unbalanced scheme with a low average gradient (0.5mT/m), a low ratio (7x) of selective to average gradients and the highest feasible B1 (1.8uT). Placing the labeling plane above the carotid bifurcation and below the V3 segment, usually between the second and third vertebrae, produces robust results.