The Smallest Intestine (TSI)—a low volume in vitro model of the small intestine with increased throughput

Cieplak, Tomasz; Wiese, Maria; Nielsen, Sebastian R.; Wiele, Tom Van de; Berg, Frans van den; Nielsen, Dennis Sandris

doi:10.1093/femsle/fny231

Cited by 32 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Figure 5B shows an example of a multicompartment model of TIM‐1 (Liu et al., ). More recently, an in vitro gastrointestinal model called “The Smallest Intestine” (TSI) model has been developed to simulate the human small intestine, which maintains the pH, temperature, bile salt levels, microbiota, and enzymes composition at physiologically relevant levels (Cieplak et al., ).…”

Section: Emerging Methods For Evaluating Probiotic Delivery System Efmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in microencapsulation of probiotics: A review

Yao

Xie

et al. 2020

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

325

160

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The potential health benefits of probiotics may not be realized because of the substantial reduction in their viability during food storage and gastrointestinal transit. Microencapsulation can be used to enhance the resistance of probiotics to unfavorable conditions. A range of oral delivery systems has been developed to increase the level of probiotics reaching the colon including embedding and coating systems. This review introduces emerging strategies for the microencapsulation of probiotics and highlights the key mechanisms of their stress–tolerance properties. Recent in vitro and in vivo models for evaluation of the efficiency of probiotic delivery systems are also reviewed. Encapsulation technologies are required to maintain the viability of probiotics during storage and within the human gut so as to increase their ability to colonize the colon. These technologies work by protecting the probiotics from harsh environmental conditions, as well as increasing their mucoadhesive properties. Typically, the probiotics are either embedded inside or coated with food‐grade materials such as biopolymers or lipids. In some cases, additional components may be coencapsulated to enhance their viability such as nutrients or protective agents. The importance of having suitable in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate the efficiency of probiotic delivery systems is also emphasized.

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Section: Emerging Methods For Evaluating Probiotic Delivery System Efmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in microencapsulation of probiotics: A review

Yao

Xie

et al. 2020

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

325

160

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“…A dynamic in vitro model called The Smallest Intestine (TSI) was used, as described by Cieplak et al [32]. Briefly, the TSI allows us to modulate the physiochemical conditions (pH, bile, and gastric enzymes) through the human stomach and small intestine (SI), exploiting dialysis to simulate absorption and using a consortium of SI bacteria to simulate a healthy ileal microbiota.…”

Section: Dynamic Digestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, the reactors are able to simulate the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum passage under controlled conditions (temperature, pH, anaerobic environment). The stomach passage (fasted state, pH = 2) was simulated as lined out previously [32] for 30 min using 1 g of nanocomposite (starch/blue PGA films or plain starch films as negative control). After 30 min in stomach conditions, the duodenum step started (30 min), followed by the jejunum (300 min) and ilium (120 min) passage [32].…”

Section: Dynamic Digestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Simulated Salivary Fluid (SSF), simulated gastric fluid (SGF), and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) [30] devoid of sodium bicarbonate were used to mimic the electrolyte composition and osmotic pressure occurring in the human GI tract, as reported by Cieplak et al [32]. The experiment was conducted in fasted state at 37 • C. The TSI reactors were filled with 1.4 mL SSF (PH 7), 2.3 mL of SGF (pH 3) and pepsin solution (pepsin activity of 2000 U/mL in the final volume), 1.4 mL of water, and 1 g of nanocomposite (starch/blue PGA films or plain starch films as negative controls).…”

Section: Dynamic Digestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Starch/Poly(glycerol-adipate) Nanocomposites: A Novel Oral Drug Delivery Device

et al. 2020

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Biocompatible and bio-based materials are an appealing resource for the pharmaceutical industry. Poly(glycerol-adipate) (PGA) is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer that can be used to produce self-assembled nanoparticles (NPs) able to encapsulate active ingredients, with encouraging perspectives for drug delivery purposes. Starch is a versatile, inexpensive, and abundant polysaccharide that can be effectively applied as a bio-scaffold for other molecules in order to enrich it with new appealing properties. In this work, the combination of PGA NPs and starch films proved to be a suitable biopolymeric matrix carrier for the controlled release preparation of hydrophobic drugs. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was used to determine the size of drug-loaded PGA NPs, while the improvement of the apparent drug water solubility was assessed by UV-vis spectroscopy. In vitro biological assays were performed against cancer cell lines and bacteria strains to confirm that drug-loaded PGA NPs maintained the effective activity of the therapeutic agents. Dye-conjugated PGA was then exploited to track the NP release profile during the starch/PGA nanocomposite film digestion, which was assessed using digestion models mimicking physiological conditions. The collected data provide a clear indication of the suitability of our biodegradable carrier system for oral drug delivery.

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“…“The Smallest Intestine” (TSI) is an in vitro model of the human intestine where small intestine‐specific microbiota was developed based on the “CoMiniGut.” The TSI system similarly comprises five reactors that test or replicate different compounds at the same time. Each reactor has a working volume of 12 mL, is connected for pH and T controls, and allows for easy sampling.…”

Section: In Vitro Macromodelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Models of the Gut for Analyzing the Impact of Food and Drugs

Fois

Schindeler

et al. 2019

Adv Healthcare Materials

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The human intestine is the primary organ responsible for the uptake of nutrients and water, and this is facilitated by its complex structure that features a large surface area. With an average total length of around seven meters, including both small and large intestine, it connects the stomach to the rectum while enabling absorption in a specialized manner. At a cellular level, the gut epithelium is critical in selective transport to the bloodstream. The finger-like projections of the intestinal epithelium Models of the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can be powerful tools for examining the biological interactions of food products and pharmaceuticals. This can be done under normal healthy conditions or using models of disease-many of which have no curative therapy. This report outlines the field of gastrointestinal modeling, with a particular focus on the intestine. Traditional in vivo animal models are compared to a range of in vitro models. In vitro systems are elaborated over time, recently culminating with microfluidic intestines-on-chips (IsOC) and 3D bioengineered models. Macroscale models are also reviewed for their important contribution in the microbiota studies. Lastly, it is discussed how in silico approaches may have utility in predicting and interpreting experimental data. The various advantages and limitations of the different systems are contrasted. It is posited that only through complementary use of these models will salient research questions be able to be addressed.

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The Smallest Intestine (TSI)—a low volume in vitro model of the small intestine with increased throughput

Cited by 32 publications

References 47 publications

Progress in microencapsulation of probiotics: A review

Progress in microencapsulation of probiotics: A review

Starch/Poly(glycerol-adipate) Nanocomposites: A Novel Oral Drug Delivery Device

Models of the Gut for Analyzing the Impact of Food and Drugs

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