The Smart Meter Challenge: Feasibility of Autonomous Indoor IoT Devices Depending on Its Energy Harvesting Source and IoT Wireless Technology

Saavedra, Edgar; Mascaraque, Laura; Calderón, Gonzalo; Campo, Guillermo del; Santamaría, Asunción

doi:10.3390/s21227433

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The most common wireless technologies used for IoT are Wi-Fi, which is fast and efficient for high volume data transfers, NB-IoT, SigFox, and LoRa, which achieve a long-range with low energy consumption, and finally ZigBee and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), which are short-range and very low power wireless technologies. Power requirements for either high speed or long-range communication are quite a challenge for indoor PV, as 90 mW to 2000 mW of peak power is needed, ,− that cannot be provided directly by indoor PV without considerable energy storage capacity or a large area indoor solar panel. Similarly, the energy demands for a single transmission with these technologies can be high.…”

Section: Applicability Of Pscs For Indoor Pvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the amount of data transferred by a single transmission also varies considerably between technologies. Wi-Fi needs the most energy with a minimum of 667 mJ, then NB-IoT with 200 mJ up to staggering 12000 mJ, SigFox with 340 mJ, and the lowest for LoRa with 140 mJ per transmission …”

Section: Applicability Of Pscs For Indoor Pvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… a The last three columns show an estimation of the number of possible transmissions facilitated by 1 cm 2 PSC for three cases: the average power generation of PSC 1 on December 25, 2022 (1.25 μW/cm 2 , amounting to 108 mJ/cm 2 per day) – one of the worst days with non-zero energy production, the average power generation in December (10.1 μW/cm 2 , amounting to 873 mJ/cm 2 per day) and the average power generation in January 2023 (11.4 μW/cm 2 , amounting to 873 mJ/cm 2 per day). The number of transmissions does not take into account the base system energy consumption. b Estimated by combining data from refs and . c Estimated by combining data from refs and . …”

Section: Applicability Of Pscs For Indoor Pvmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Indoor Energy Harvesting With Perovskite Solar Cells for IoT Applications─A Full Year Monitoring Study

Pirc,

Ajdič,

Uršič

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Indoor photovoltaics (IPV) hold enormous market potential driven by the rising demand for perpetual energy sources to power various small electrical devices and especially Internet of things (IoT) devices. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer exciting prospects for this role. This study sets out to deepen our knowledge of PSC performance under realistic indoor conditions. For this purpose, we designed an indoor monitoring system that maintains four solar cells at their maximum power points and simultaneously logs their performance and environmental conditions. Throughout a 12-month period, we monitored the behavior of three PSCs and one crystalline silicon solar cell (c-Si SC), all with an active area of approximately 1 cm 2 . Measured daily energy yields in conjunction with a comparative overview of minimum energy requirements of different wireless technologies indicate that a single 1 cm 2 PSC should be enough to power an IoT device with one of the available short-range, low-power wireless technologies on most days of the year, a fact confirmed by a prototype device. There are, however, a few days every year when the available energy would not be enough to even power the maximum power point tracking, highlighting the need for at least some energy storage capacity. Solar cell orientation dependence measurements demonstrated a 36% advantage for optimal orientation and a 72% performance drop for the worst orientation compared to horizontal orientation. A one-year energy yield results show a remarkable three-to-one advantage in favor of the best PSC (148.8 mWh/cm 2 ) over the c-Si SC (46.0 mWh/cm 2 ). The best of the three PSCs also retained most of its initial performance throughout the year with a simple edge-sealing encapsulation.

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Section: Applicability Of Pscs For Indoor Pvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Applicability Of Pscs For Indoor Pvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Applicability Of Pscs For Indoor Pvmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Indoor Energy Harvesting With Perovskite Solar Cells for IoT Applications─A Full Year Monitoring Study

Pirc,

Ajdič,

Uršič

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…A smart meter was presented in [ 33 , 34 ]. The authors designed a non-intrusive device that can be easily installed in the panels.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Communication technologies have been explored in depth by the authors who follow the study using Sigfox in [ 33 ] to transmit power consumption data. Successively, the authors follow the research in [ 34 ], analyzing other standards such as LoRaW2A6N6, NB-IoT, Wi-Fi, BLE, and comparing the result achieved with Sigfox.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multi-Port Hardware Energy Meter System for Data Centers and Server Farms Monitoring

Conti

Jiménez

Río

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Nowadays the rationalization of electrical energy consumption is a serious concern worldwide. Energy consumption reduction and energy efficiency appear to be the two paths to addressing this target. To achieve this goal, many different techniques are promoted, among them, the integration of (artificial) intelligence in the energy workflow is gaining importance. All these approaches have a common need: data. Data that should be collected and provided in a reliable, accurate, secure, and efficient way. For this purpose, sensing technologies that enable ubiquitous data acquisition and the new communication infrastructure that ensure low latency and high density are the key. This article presents a sensing solution devoted to the precise gathering of energy parameters such as voltage, current, active power, and power factor for server farms and datacenters, computing infrastructures that are growing meaningfully to meet the demand for network applications. The designed system enables disaggregated acquisition of energy data from a large number of devices and characterization of their consumption behavior, both in real time. In this work, the creation of a complete multiport power meter system is detailed. The study reports all the steps needed to create the prototype, from the analysis of electronic components, the selection of sensors, the design of the Printed Circuit Board (PCB), the configuration and calibration of the hardware and embedded system, and the implementation of the software layer. The power meter application is geared toward data centers and server farms and has been tested by connecting it to a laboratory server rack, although its designs can be easily adapted to other scenarios where gathering the energy consumption information was needed. The novelty of the system is based on high scalability built upon two factors. Firstly, the one-on-one approach followed to acquire the data from each power source, even if they belong to the same physical equipment, so the system can correlate extremely well the execution of processes with the energy data. Thus, the potential of data to develop tailored solutions rises. Second, the use of temporal multiplexing to keep the real-time data delivery even for a very high number of sources. All these ensure compatibility with standard IoT networks and applications, as the data markup language is used (enabling database storage and computing system processing) and the interconnection is done by well-known protocols.

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An Edge-Fog-Cloud computing architecture for IoT and smart metering data

Oprea

Bârã

2023

Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl.

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The Smart Meter Challenge: Feasibility of Autonomous Indoor IoT Devices Depending on Its Energy Harvesting Source and IoT Wireless Technology

Cited by 15 publications

References 25 publications

Indoor Energy Harvesting With Perovskite Solar Cells for IoT Applications─A Full Year Monitoring Study

Indoor Energy Harvesting With Perovskite Solar Cells for IoT Applications─A Full Year Monitoring Study

A Multi-Port Hardware Energy Meter System for Data Centers and Server Farms Monitoring

An Edge-Fog-Cloud computing architecture for IoT and smart metering data

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