The SNARC effect: an instance of the Simon effect?

Mapelli, Daniela; Rusconi, Elena; Umiltà, Carlo

doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(03)00042-8

Cited by 109 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This result is consistent with the literature that shows Simon effects only in the fast section of the RT distribution, with slower RTs leading to null or even reversed effects (see, e.g., Mapelli, Rusconi, & Umiltà, 2003).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Time (also) flies from left to right

Santiago

Lupiáñez

Pérez

et al. 2007

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

327

323

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Time (also) flies from left to right

Santiago

Lupiáñez

Pérez

et al. 2007

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

327

323

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“…The SNARC effect gradually increased from the shortest of four RT bins to the longest. Because Gevers et al's (2006) version of the SNARC task was more pure than that of Mapelli et al (2003), it is reasonable to conclude that the effect of number magnitude on the correspondence effect tends to increase as RTs get longer.…”

Section: Snarc Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Mapelli, Rusconi, and Umiltà (2003) had participants make odd-even parity judgments to numbers between 1 and 9 (excluding 5), presented on the left or right side of a display. In Experiment 1, a standard location-based Simon effect was obtained that was largest at the shortest of five RT bins and then declined, being absent at the longest bin.…”

Section: Snarc Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reaction time distribution analysis of spatial correspondence effects

2011

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Since 1994, group reaction time (RT) distribution analyses of spatial correspondence effects have been used to evaluate the dynamics of the spatial Simon effect, a benefit of correspondence of stimulus location information with response location for tasks in which stimulus location is irrelevant. We review the history and justification for analyzing group RT distributions and clarify which conditions result in the Simon effect decreasing across the distribution and which lead to flat or increasing functions. Although the standard left-right Simon effect typically yields a function for which the effect decreases as RT increases, in most other task variations, the Simon effect remains stable or increases across the RT distribution. Studies that have used other means of evaluating the temporal dynamics of the Simon effect provide converging evidence that the changes in the Simon effect across the distribution are due mainly to temporal activation properties, an issue that has been a matter of some dispute.Keywords Correspondence effects . Delta plots . Simon effect . Stimulus-response compatibility . Time course of processing In the late 1960s and early 1970s, J. R. Simon reported the results of reaction time (RT) studies in which participants made a left or right manual response to a feature of a stimulus (e.g., red-green color of a visual stimulus) presented in a left or a right location (see Fig. 1; see, e.g., Simon & Small, 1969; see Simon, 1990, for a review). RT was shorter when stimulus and response locations corresponded than when they did not, a result called the Simon effect (Hedge & Marsh, 1975). This two-choice task has come to be prototypical, and we refer to it and the resulting Simon effect as standard. The term Simon effect has been extended to include correspondence effects for other irrelevant stimulus dimensions that overlap with, or are similar to, a response dimension (Kornblum, Hasbroucq, & Osman, 1990), but we focus on task variations that entail correspondence of spatial information and manual responses.Studies of the Simon effect and related correspondence effects focused on differences in mean RT at first (see Lu & Proctor, 1995), and these differences are still the focal point of a lot of investigations. However, beginning with De Jong, Liang, and Lauber (1994), many authors have also reported analyses of the RT distributions, dividing them into quantiles, or bins, that contain RTs in the range of percentile values (e.g., between the 50th and 60th percentiles) and measuring the Simon effect for each bin. De Jong et al. (1994) found that the Simon effect for visual tasks was largest at the short RT bins and decreased across the distribution. This result has typically been attributed to rapid activation of the response code corresponding to the irrelevant location feature, followed by decrease of that activation. But, this temporal activation account has been debated (e.g., Roswarski & Proctor, 2003;Zhang & Kornblum, 1997), and the pattern of decreasing effect size across the RT di...

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“…) e.g., Mapelli, Rusconi, & Umiltà, 2003). These effects of nonhorizontal stimulus features on horizontal responses may be explained within a single theoretical framework (see Proctor & Cho, 2006), at least to a large extent.…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%