Time (also) flies from left to right

Santiago, Julio; Lupiáñez, Juan; Pérez, Esther; Funes, María Jesús

doi:10.3758/bf03194099

Cited by 327 publications

(364 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The time-space congruency effect, that is, faster responses to past (future) codes with the left (right) hand, has recently been treated as evidence that processing temporal codes includes the activation of spatial codes along a mental timeline (Santiago et al 2007;Torralbo et al 2006). The purpose of the present studies was to gain further insight into the specific nature of the time-space relationship.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Whereas the above-mentioned studies provide evidence for a general association between temporal and spatial codes, results by Santiago et al (2007; see also Torralbo et al 2006) suggest a specific coding of time within space. These authors asked their participants to categorize time-related words into past or future words.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Whereas some studies reported a time-space congruency effect evoked by auditory words (Kong and You 2012;Lakens et al 2011; see also Ishihara et al 2008 for a spatio-temporal compatibility effect with non-word auditory stimuli), Ouellet et al (2010b) did not find an interaction between the left and right stimulus location and the past and future references. Since such an interaction had been repeatedly demonstrated for visual stimuli (e.g., Santiago et al 2007;Torralbo et al 2006), Ouellet et al (2010b) provides some indication of the involvement of modalityspecific processes in the activation of the mental time-line. Recently, Santiago et al (2011) proposed a working memory based theory which captures the influence of task demands and modality-specific processes on the activation of spatial codes by temporal codes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…However, most studies that have investigated the inter-relationship between temporal and spatial representations have required an explicit decision about the time reference of words, or they have demanded the memorization of the time-referenced words. Since these task instructions directed attention to the temporal dimension of the words, these studies cannot be considered as a direct test of whether spatial codes are activated unintentionally Ouellet et al 2010a;Santiago et al 2007;Torralbo et al 2006). Thus, the issue of whether the time-space congruency effect is based on an unintentional activation of spatial representations or whether, on the contrary, it necessitates the explicit processing of the temporal content has not been adequately addressed yet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Priming the mental time-line: effects of modality and processing mode

Rolke

Fernández²,

Schmid

et al. 2013

Cogn Process

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The notion of a mental time-line (i.e., past corresponds to left and future corresponds to right) supports the conceptual metaphor view assuming that abstract concepts like ''time'' are grounded in cognitively more accessible concepts like ''space.'' In five experiments, we further investigated the relationship between temporal and spatial representations and examined whether or not the spatial correspondents of time are unintentionally activated. We employed a priming paradigm, in which visual or auditory prime words (i.e., temporal adverbs such as yesterday, tomorrow) preceded a colored square. In all experiments, participants discriminated the color of this square by responding with the left or the right hand. Although the temporal reference of the priming adverb was task irrelevant in Experiment 1, visually presented primes facilitated responses to the square in correspondence with the direction of the mental time-line. This priming effect was absent in Experiments 2, 3, and 5, in which the primes were presented auditorily and the temporal reference of the words could be ignored. The effect, however, emerged when attention was oriented to the temporal content of the auditory prime words in Experiment 4. The results suggest that task demands differentially modulate the activation of the mental time-line within the visual and auditory modality and support a flexible association between conceptual codes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Priming the mental time-line: effects of modality and processing mode

Rolke

Fernández²,

Schmid

et al. 2013

Cogn Process

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“…This mapping, although never found in linguistic expressions of any oral language (Radden, 2004), overruled the back-front mapping when manual responses were used. In another study, Santiago, Lupiáñez, Pérez, & Funes (2007) investigated directly this horizontal left-right representation of time. They found a facilitation effect when past words were presented on the left side of the screen or responded to with the left hand.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thinking about the future moves attention to the right.

Ouellet¹,

Santiago²,

Funes³

et al. 2010

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

Self Cite

112

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Previous studies have shown that past and future temporal concepts are spatially represented (past being located to the left and future to the right in a mental time line). This study aims at further investigating the nature of this space-time conceptual metaphor, by testing whether the temporal reference of words orient spatial attention or rather prime a congruent left/right response. A modified version of the spatial cuing paradigm was used in which a word's temporal reference must be kept in working memory whilst participants carry out a spatial localization (Experiment 1) or a direction discrimination, spatial Stroop task (Experiment 2). The results showed that the mere activation of the past or future concepts both oriented attention and primed motor responses to left or right space, respectively, and these effects were independent. Moreover, in spite of the fact that such time-reference cues were nonpredictive, the use of a short and a long stimulus onset asynchrony in Experiment 3 showed that these cues modulated spatial attention as typical central cues like arrows do, suggesting a common mechanism for these two types of cuing.

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The flexibility of association between temporal concepts and physical space in the Japanese language

Mochizuki

2018

Int J Psychol

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Previous studies have indicated that temporal concepts such as the past and future are associated with horizontal (left–right) space. This association has been interpreted as reflecting left‐to‐right writing systems. The Japanese language, however, is written both horizontally and vertically and, when texts are presented vertically, the sequence of columns runs from right to left. This study examines whether the associations between time and space are changed by the direction of the character strings using a word categorization task. Consistent with previous studies, response times and error rates indicated left‐past and right‐future associations when participants read words presented horizontally. On the other hand, response times indicated the opposite (i.e., left‐future and right‐past associations) when participants read words presented vertically. These results suggest that temporal concepts are not associated with one's body or physical space in an inflexible manner, but rather the associations can flexibly change through experience.

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Time (also) flies from left to right

Cited by 327 publications

References 27 publications

Priming the mental time-line: effects of modality and processing mode

Priming the mental time-line: effects of modality and processing mode

Thinking about the future moves attention to the right.

The flexibility of association between temporal concepts and physical space in the Japanese language

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