The Solubility of ϵ‐CL‐20 in Selected Materials

Holtz, Erica von; Ornellas, D.L.; Foltz, M. Frances; Clarkson, J.E.

doi:10.1002/prep.19940190410

Cited by 78 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Table 2 shows the infrared frequencies of raw CL-20 and prepared ε-CL-20 along with the literature Fig. 3(a), which is well comparable with α-CL-20 as reported in the literature 14,16 . We then recorded raw CL-20 and prepared ε-CL-20 spectrum using dispersed Raman spectrometer in the region of 100 cm -1 -4000 cm -1 as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Preparation and Characterisation of ε-CL-20 by Solvent Evaporation and Precipitation Methods

Ghosh¹,

Venkatesan²,

Sikder³

et al. 2012

DSJ

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, et al. studied the crystal quality of ε-CL-20 obtained from different precursors and solvent systems.In the present study, it is focused to prepare and characterisation by both solvent evaporation and precipitation methods. The present evaporation method also relates for obtaining agglomeration free fine ε-CL-20 crystals by in-situ use of ultrasound to crystallisation solution. The obtained crystals were characterised using HPLC, FTIR, Raman, Powder XRD, SEM and DSC techniques. Particle size measurement of obtained ε-CL-20 was carried out using particle size analyser and true density by Helium gas pycnometer. EXPERIMENTAL WORKRaw CL-20 sample was obtained from Premier Explosive's Laboratories, India. All the solvents and allied chemicals used for the processes are of analytical grade with > 99 % purity. ε-CL-20 is prepared using both solvent evaporation and precipitation techniques. Raw CL-20 is dissolved in ethyl acetate solvent and then antisolvent, n-heptane is added into the solution to induce the crystallisation. For the effective recovery in the drowning-out crystallisation, the fraction of raw CL-20, ethyl acetate and n-heptane was applied as about from 1 : 15 : 35, AbSTRACT ε-CL-20 is prepared from raw CL-20 by solvent evaporation and precipitation methods. Experiments were also done using solvent evaporation coupled with in-situ ultrasonication method. Using precipitation method, ε-CL-20 is scaled up to 500 g batch. Raw CL-20 was assigned to α-CL-20. The chemical and polymorphic purity of prepared ε-CL-20 was found to be about 98 per cent and > 95 per cent, respectively. ε-CL-20 was obtained agglomeration free with well defined geometry in comparison with raw CL-20 and its crystal morphology is dominantly bi-pyramidal or lozenge crystal shapes. The obtained mean particle size of prepared ε-CL-20 by solvent evaporation method with and without in-situ ultrasonication and also by precipitation methods is about 30 µm -40 µm, 150 µm -200 µm and 150 µm -300 µm, respectively. The measured true density of prepared ε-CL-20 by precipitation method with 100 g and 500 g batch scale using Helium gas pycnometer was 2.038 g/cm 3 and 2.043 g/cm 3 , respectively. The lower value of calculated void percentage of ε-CL-20 (0.05-0.29%) indicate better crystal quality. Conclusively, prepared ε-CL20 has high true density with less percentage of voids, less total moisture content and free from agglomeration as compared with the starting raw CL-20 material.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Preparation and Characterisation of ε-CL-20 by Solvent Evaporation and Precipitation Methods

Ghosh¹,

Venkatesan²,

Sikder³

et al. 2012

DSJ

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“…2 Center of Laboratory, Yibin University, YiBin 644007, People's Republic of China. 3 To whom correspondence should be addressed; e-mail: chengxl@scu.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The energetic materials play an important role in aeronautics, the weapons industry, and other high-tech fields [1][2][3]. Development of new energetic materials and improvement of existing energetic materials have become the topic of interest for experimentalists and theoreticians.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calculations of the Bond Dissociation Energies for NO2 Scission in Some Nitro Compounds

2005

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are computed using the DFT (B3LYP, B3PW91), the single and double-coupled cluster excited (CCSD), and the complete basis set (CBS-Q) methods, with the 6-311G * * and cc-pVDZ basis sets. By comparing the computed energies and experimental results, we find that the DFT method can not give good results of BDE, but, the BDEs generated by the CCSD/cc-pVDZ, CBS-Q are in good agreement with experimental values.

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“…For hydrophobic compounds, the solvent effect is the major driving force retaining compounds on surfaces (i.e., not specific solute-surface interactions), so hydrophobic compounds "partition" to the surface. The cage structure of CL-20 ( Figure 1) has low water solubility (<5 mg/L; Holtz et al 1994). In comparison, RDX is a significantly smaller molecule (N-heterocyclic ring) with three nitro-groups and has a moderate water solubility (42-55 mg/L at 25°C, varies with ionic strength).…”

Section: Task 11 Sorption Of Cl-20mentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Effecting the Fate and Transport of CL-20 in the Vadose Zone and Groundwater: Final Report 2002 - 2004 SERDP Project CP-1255

Szecsody¹,

Riley²,

Devary³

et al. 2005

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The Solubility of ϵ‐CL‐20 in Selected Materials

Cited by 78 publications

References 3 publications

Preparation and Characterisation of ε-CL-20 by Solvent Evaporation and Precipitation Methods

Preparation and Characterisation of ε-CL-20 by Solvent Evaporation and Precipitation Methods

Calculations of the Bond Dissociation Energies for NO2 Scission in Some Nitro Compounds

Factors Effecting the Fate and Transport of CL-20 in the Vadose Zone and Groundwater: Final Report 2002 - 2004 SERDP Project CP-1255

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