The Solvent Extraction Approach to Petroleum Demetallation

Abstract

v e gas and coke f o r m a t i o n . B e s i d e s . r e m o v i n g vanadium f r o m f u e l o i l s r e d u c e s t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t o f " a c i d r a i n " due t o t h e o x i d a t i o n o f s u l p h u r d i o x i d e i n t h e atmosphere. I n t h i s p a p e r , r e s e a r c h and i n d u s t r i a l p r a c t i c e l i t e r a t u r e c o n c e r n i n g t h e r e m o v a l , o f n i c k e l and vanadium f r o m p e t r o l e u m and i t s f r a c t i o n s b y s o l v e n t e x t r a c t i o n and r e l a t e d t e c h n i q u e s i s r e v i e w e d and a r r a n g e d i n t o f o u r g r o u p s a s f o l l o w s : i ) P r o c e s s e s e m p l o y i n g h y d r o c a r b o n s o l v e n t s , used t o m o d i f y t h e o i l y m a t r i x s o l u b i l i t y p a r a m e t e r i n such a way t h a t a s p h a l t / e n e s be s e p a r a t e d . Because a f r a c t i o n o f t o t a l m e t a l s p r e s e n t a r e a s s o c i a t e d 8 56 SAVASTANO added o r t h e s u r f a c e a c t i v i t y o f s u b s t a n c e s n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g i n p e t r o l e u m i s promoted. i v ) P r o c e s s e s based on e x t r a c t i o n w i t h c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n ( o x i d a t i o n . c h e l a t i o n ) o r i o n exchange between o r g a n o m e t

Using Solvents To Reduce the Metal Content in Crude Bio-oil from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae

“…Solvents might be useful for reducing the metal content of algal biocrude because solvents are used in petroleum demetalation (often via asphaltene precipitation) to remove nickel and vanadium. − There are few studies on process interventions to reduce metal contents in algal biocrude oil and none involving solvents, other than the studies in our earlier preliminary work. , …”

Removal of Nickel and Vanadium from Crude Oil by Microwave-Chemical Method. I. Chemical Method

“…Nickel and vanadium in crude oil are present mainly as porphyrin compounds, which are oil-soluble compounds and are difficult to remove by traditional electric desalting processes (Lou et al, 2002(Lou et al, , 2003. At present the processes for removal of nickel and vanadium from residue oil industrial technology are hydrodemetallization (HDM) and solvent deasphalting (SDA; Savastano, 1991;Onukwuli et al, 1999;Leyva et al, 2009). The investment and operation costs of HDM and SDA units are high.…”

Selective Rejection of Inorganic Fine Solids, Heavy Metals, and Sulfur from Heavy Oils/Bitumen Using Alkane Solvents

“…Inorganic fine solids, heavy metals, and heteroatoms appear throughout the entire boiling range of crude oil but tend to concentrate in the heaviest fractions, such as resins and asphaltenes. , Thus, a fraction of fine solids, heavy metals, and heteroatoms can be removed along with asphaltenes as precipitates. ,,,6a,b,, Conventional deasphalting processes, such as the propane deasphalting process and the residuum oil supercritical extraction (ROSE) process, now widely employed in industry, were developed on the basis of this principle.…”

“…Asphaltenes and other undesirable constituents are concentrated in one phase, while the other phase comprises readily upgradeable constituents. However, this successful industrial process is not sufficiently selective for use with heavy oils and bitumen because up to 50% of the feed material reports to the “reject stream” . Such product losses are unacceptable particularly given that 35−60% of asphaltenes 9,10 can be upgraded to middle distillates.…”