The Son Also Rises: Surnames and the History of Social Mobility

Clark, Gregory

doi:10.1515/9781400851096

Cited by 160 publications

(156 citation statements)

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“…Comparing sibling analyses to those of the full Add Health sample suggests that this GxE pattern could be context-dependent or that between-family differences could bias results in the full sample, even when including a vast array of control measures. One possible explanation for the null findings in the full sample is genes (e.g., Plomin et al 2016;Avinun and Knafo 2014;Trzaskowski et al 2014;Clark 2014). Another possible explanation is that between-family differences in environment swamp any potential genetic interaction or main effects in the full sample.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Both recent and classic arguments suggest genes simply mediate the intergenerational transmission of inequality (Clark 2014;Herrnstein and Murray 1994). These simple genetic explanations suggest the importance of genotype for adult economic outcomes should be unrelated to economic background.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Behavioral geneticists have argued that genes play a major role in a wide variety of psychological and behavioral characteristics, including intelligence, cognitive ability, and personality (Plomin et al 2013(Plomin et al , 2016Haworth et al 2010). In a related vein, simple genetic explanations suggest genes play a key role in mediating parent-child similarity of financial standing (Clark 2014). These genetic explanations suggest that the importance of genotype for adult economic outcomes should be unrelated to economic background.…”

Section: Intergenerational Mobilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contrary to this emphasis on social context, traditional biological explanations for intergenerational transmission of financial standing emphasize the importance of genes in mediating parent-child similarity (Clark 2014). That is, a simplistic genetic argument would suggest that parents pass financial standing on to their children through their genes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Plastic and immobile: Unequal intergenerational mobility by genetic sensitivity score within sibling pairs

Rauscher

2017

Social Science Research

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Contrary to traditional biological arguments, the differential susceptibility model suggests genotype may moderate rather than mediate parent-child economic similarity. Using family fixed effects models of Add Health sibling data, I investigate the relationship between an index of sensitive genotypes and intergenerational mobility. Full, same sex sibling comparisons hold constant parental characteristics and address the non-random distribution of genotype that reduces internal validity in nationally representative samples. Across multiple measures of young adult financial standing, those with more copies of sensitive genotypes achieve lower economic outcomes than their sibling if they are from a low income context but fare better from a high income context. This genetic sensitivity to parental income entails lower intergenerational mobility. Results support the differential susceptibility model and contradict simplistic genetic explanations for intergenerational inequality, suggesting sensitive genotypes are not inherently positive or negative but rather increase dependence on parental income and reduce mobility.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Intergenerational Mobilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Plastic and immobile: Unequal intergenerational mobility by genetic sensitivity score within sibling pairs

Rauscher

2017

Social Science Research

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“…This process likely continued until the Late Modern Era, where it has been noted that among Western populations living between the 15th and early 19th centuries, those with higher social status (which shares genetic variance with, and is therefore a proxy for GCA; Trzaskowski et al, 2014) typically produced the most surviving offspring. These in turn tended toward downward social mobility due to intense competition, replacing the reproductively unsuccessful low-status stratum and effectively 'bootstrapping' those populations via the application of high levels of skill to solving problems associated with production and industry, eventually leading to the Industrial Revolution in Europe (Clark, 2007(Clark, , 2014. The millennia-long microevolutionary trend favoring higher GCA not only ceased, but likely went into reverse among European-derived populations living in the 19th century (Lynn, 1996;Lynn & Van Court, 2004), largely in response to factors such as the asymmetric use of birth control and prolonged exposure to education among those with high GCA (Lynn, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Holocene Selection for Variants Associated With General Cognitive Ability: Comparing Ancient and Modern Genomes

Woodley

Younuskunju

Balan³

et al. 2017

Twin Res Hum Genet

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Human populations living during the Holocene underwent considerable microevolutionary change. It has been theorized that the transition of Holocene populations into agrarianism and urbanization brought about culture-gene co-evolution that favored via directional selection genetic variants associated with higher general cognitive ability (GCA). To examine whether GCA might have risen during the Holocene, we compare a sample of 99 ancient Eurasian genomes (ranging from 4.56 to 1.21 kyr BP) with a sample of 503 modern European genomes (F st = 0.013), using three different cognitive polygenic scores (130 SNP, 9 SNP and 11 SNP). Significant differences favoring the modern genomes were found for all three polygenic scores (odds ratios = 0.92, p = 001; .81, p = 037; and .81, p = .02 respectively). These polygenic scores also outperformed the majority of scores assembled from random SNPs generated via a Monte Carlo model (between 76.4% and 84.6%). Furthermore, an indication of increasing positive allele count over 3.25 kyr was found using a subsample of 66 ancient genomes (r = 0.22, p one-tailed = .04). These observations are consistent with the expectation that GCA rose during the Holocene.

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Problematising the use of education to address social inequity: Could participatory action research be a step forwards?

Giannakaki

McMillan²,

Karamichas

2018

British Educational Res J

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This paper critiques international trends towards certain school practices aimed at promoting equity and social justice by closing gaps in specific learning outcomes among students. It argues that even though some of these practices (e.g. individualised student support, data‐driven leadership) improve learning outcomes for certain groups considered ‘disadvantaged’, they fail to have a genuine impact on the issue. They remain ‘locked’ in the logic of social mobility, reaffirming the legitimacy of a hierarchical system underpinned by competitive individualism, which unfairly distributes social opportunities under the guise of ‘merit’ and ‘justice’. The paper argues that unless students develop awareness of the subtle injustices legitimised by the current system, no specialised interventions will ever tackle inequity, but will, instead, reinforce it. Yet, attempts to explicitly challenge mainstream school practices are likely to face harsh resistance from system agents due to being so ingrained in school cultures. An alternative strategy is suggested which, without being too subversive, could raise students’ awareness—what Freire called ‘conscientização’. This would entail the application of participatory action research (PAR), under the cloak of traditional (system‐aligned) action research. Such PAR, despite its political character, would initially appear to fulfil the performative role of more technical interventions (e.g. raising test scores), but in such a way that ‘conscientização’ also happens in the process. This may set the ground for social reform, encouraging the transition to a more sustainable and equitable society based on collectivity and solidarity.

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The Son Also Rises: Surnames and the History of Social Mobility

Cited by 160 publications

References 0 publications

Plastic and immobile: Unequal intergenerational mobility by genetic sensitivity score within sibling pairs

Plastic and immobile: Unequal intergenerational mobility by genetic sensitivity score within sibling pairs

Holocene Selection for Variants Associated With General Cognitive Ability: Comparing Ancient and Modern Genomes

Problematising the use of education to address social inequity: Could participatory action research be a step forwards?

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