The sonographic morphology of musculus palmaris longus in humans

Dąbrowski, Krzysztof; Stankiewicz-Jóźwicka, Hanna; Kowalczyk, Arkadiusz; Markuszewski, Michał; Ciszek, Bogdan

doi:10.5603/fm.a2017.0116

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…The PL muscle, like the plantaris muscle, is one of the most variable muscles in human body [ 1 , 3 – 7 , 9 , 21 – 23 , 25 – 27 , 29 , 32 – 34 ]. This is due to the rudimental function of this structures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological variability of the palmaris longus muscle in human fetuses

et al. 2018

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PurposeThe palmaris longus (PL) muscle is characterized by high-morphological variability. It is clinically important as it is routinely harvested for the reconstruction of other tendons. The study characterizes the morphology of the PL in human fetuses and creates a new classification based on its variations that would relate to the spectrum of morphological variability in adults.MethodsEighty spontaneously aborted human foetuses (44 male, 36 female, 160 upper limbs), aged 18–38 weeks of gestation, were examined.ResultsThe palmaris longus muscle was present in 62.5% of fetuses. The absence was bilateral in 26.25%, and unilateral in 22.5%. Nine types of palmaris longus muscles were identified based on the morphology of its insertion (Types I–IX). All types originated on the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The most common type was Type I, which was characterized by insertion to the palmar aponeurosis (52%). The rarest types were Type VII and Type IX (1% each). Type VII was characterized by partial doubling of the muscle belly, which then turned into two separate tendons that inserted together into the palmar aponeurosis. Type IX was characterized by fusion with the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle.ConclusionOur findings concerning morphological variability of the PL in fetuses present a new perspective on the understanding nature of the morphological variation of the PL muscle in adults.List of evidenceBasic Science Study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological variability of the palmaris longus muscle in human fetuses

et al. 2018

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“…The proportion of pennated and bipennated muscle bellies and spindle-shaped muscle bellies is the same as well. Moreover, such classification could be questioned since all the muscle bellies presenting themselves as spindle-shaped in the ultrasound imaging proved to have a tendon within the belly, which contradicts the definition of spindle-shaped muscle in the first place ( Dąbrowski et al, 2017 ) ( Figure 2 ). Both groups defy Loth’s description of Caucasian PL which includes the length of PL’s tendon dominating over the length of its belly ( Loth, 1931 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Musculus Palmaris Longus: Influence on Playing Capability of Keyboard Musicians – Preliminary Report

et al. 2018

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Musculus Palmaris Longus (PL) is one of the most variable anatomical structures in the human body. Despite being biomechanically active, it is vastly considered to have no impact on the functionality of the upper extremity in the general population. The aim of this study is to examine the relation between playing capability of young musicians and morphology of Musculus PL and to compare it with the relation between manual capability of non-musicians and morphology of their Musculus PL. 42 forearms of 21 healthy individuals (11 musicians and 10 non-musicians) were subjected to Shaeffer’s test and ultrasound imaging and tested by dynamometer for hand grip strength and the first and fifth finger opposition before and after exertion. No difference in morphology pattern was observed between the groups. In the musicians, a substantial loss of a hand grip strength of the left hand compared to the right hand after exertion, regardless of lateralization, was observed. A disproportion in exhaustion of the musician’s hands with unilateral absence of PL was observed – the difference in grip strength between the dominant and non-dominant hand before and after exertion increased over eight times more than in the musicians with bilateral presence. There is no difference in PL morphology between either the musicians or non-musicians. Regardless of lateralization, the musician’s left hand in musicians seems weaker and therefore more prone to misuse related injuries. PL may play a role in musicians in balancing muscular exhaustion.

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“…First description of this can be found in the famous 'De humani corporis fabrica' by Vesalius [1,11]. The rate of PLM agenesis is different depending on the discussed population, with Polish being at 8.6%, while generalized European Caucasian being at 15.2% [3]. Effect of PLM agenesis on hand function has been widely studied.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%