The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: Perspectives From the Iberian Peninsula and the Americas

Gallo, M; Davis, Ryan A.

doi:10.1891/1062-8061.25.1.144

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Both smallpox and influenza are pathogens that arose in the Old World and were largely restricted to those areas until the European colonial period (Porras‐Gallo & Davis, ). In particular, the spread of smallpox is particularly well documented (Owers et al, ; Porras‐Gallo & Davis, ), largely owing to its historical importance, its relatively easy identification and its deadly consequences. The well‐described spread of smallpox allows a high level of confidence when identifying an epidemic as first contact.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We further searched the references contained in the original articles. Lastly, we obtained information from a number of books (Cliff et al, ; Crosby, ; Dávila, ; Porras‐Gallo & Davis, ). Our criteria for retaining epidemic information were that the disease was clearly identified, that the population was unvaccinated and that there was an accompanying estimate of mortality.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population isolation predicts the severity of historical human epidemics

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Kirk

2018

Global Ecol Biogeogr

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Aim: Infectious diseases are a major source of human mortality and have altered human history.Despite their importance, we lack a thorough understanding of why some historical epidemics were more deadly than others. For many organisms, geographically isolated populations (e.g., populations distant from the mainland) experience more severe epidemics, including after long periods of isolation. These patterns are likely to arise because geographical isolation reduces contact with infectious diseases, causing a corresponding naïvety and susceptibility to those pathogens. Here, we test for equivalent patterns in human populations, but over much longer time frames than have been considered previously.Location: Global, but with a particular focus on islands in the Americas and the Pacific. Time period: Approximately 1000-1920 CE.Major taxa studied: Humans and two of their pathogens: smallpox and influenza.Methods: We used historical mortality data from populations afflicted with smallpox or Spanish flu to test for relationships between isolation, a suite of covariates (e.g., island size, population density) and epidemic severity (mortality rate).

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population isolation predicts the severity of historical human epidemics

Start

Kirk

2018

Global Ecol Biogeogr

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“…Flu outbreaks (Spanish, Asian, Hong Kong, swine) Spanish flu, having high spread rate (it has taken this name as it has spread from Spain to France (Porras-Gallo and Davis, 2014), is one of the epidemic diseases, which has caused most number of death incidents in the near past. Although there are variations as per research outcomes, it is predicted that the disease was spreaded to nearly 500 million people, and it has caused the death of more than 50 million people (Rosenwald, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative evaluation between the impact of previous outbreaks and COVID-19 on the tourism industry

Özbay

Sarıışık

Ceylan

et al. 2021

IHR

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PurposeThe main purpose of this study is to make a comparative evaluation of the impacts of previous outbreaks and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the tourism industry. COVID-19 appears to have disrupted all memorizations about epidemics ever seen. Nobody has anticipated that the outbreak in late December will spread rapidly across the world, be fatal and turn the world economy upside down. Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome and others caused limited losses in a limited geography, thus similar behaviors were expected at first in COVID-19. But it was not so. Today, people continue to lose their lives and experience economic difficulties. One of the most important distressed industries is undoubtedly tourism.Design/methodology/approachThis study is a literature review. In this review, a comparative evaluation between the impact of previous outbreaks and COVID-19 on the tourism industry has been made based on statistics and previous research studies.FindingsThe information and figures obtained show that COVID-19 and previous outbreaks have such significant differences that cannot be compared. COVID-19 has been one of the worst to live in terms of spreading speed, the geography where it spreads, loss of lives and negative effects in the whole area.Originality/valueIt is noteworthy that COVID-19 is very severe in terms of death cases and also its impacts on the economy compared to other pandemics. It remains to be argued that COVID-19 can also be a reference in terms of possible new outbreaks in the future, and is an effective actor in determining future strategies.

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“…Some immigrants did not have close friends or family in the country that they could rely on f or help. 102 This was worsened by racist attitudes held by those unwilling to help their neighbours because of ethnic differences and misconceptions. 103 In some cases, volunteers did not want to enter poor working-class neighbourhoods because they thought it was dangerous and that the residents might not speak English.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…102 This was worsened by racist attitudes held by those unwilling to help their neighbours because of ethnic differences and misconceptions. 103 In some cases, volunteers did not want to enter poor working-class neighbourhoods because they thought it was dangerous and that the residents might not speak English. 104 Additionally, in communities hit hard by the pandemic, there were not enough healthy people to provide care for the sick.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Underlying Affliction

Kirk

2024

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The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: Perspectives From the Iberian Peninsula and the Americas

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Population isolation predicts the severity of historical human epidemics

Population isolation predicts the severity of historical human epidemics

A comparative evaluation between the impact of previous outbreaks and COVID-19 on the tourism industry

An Underlying Affliction

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