Throughout history the description and classification of the cranial nerves has been linked to the development and characteristics of anatomy and the role that it played as a tool in providing rationality to medicine, together with social, cultural, religious, and philosophical factors. Anatomists were interested in the cranial nerves, but they disagreed on their number and their paths. We can divide the history of the cranial nerves into three different periods: the first, early or macroscopic period; the second or microscopic period; and the third period or ontogenesis and genoarchitecture. The main aim of this article is to show how the description and knowledge of the cranial nerves were developed in the course of these three periods, and to highlight the main changes produced and the factors related to these changes. We describe how the first period was mainly focused on establishing the definition, number and paths of the cranial nerves, through contributions ranging from Galen's studies in the second century to Sömmerring's Doctoral Dissertation in 1778 that described 12 cranial nerves for the first time. Then, the microscopic period was concentrated on the identification of the real nuclei of origin of the different cranial nerves located in the brain stem. Finally came the third period, or ontogenesis and genoarchitecture of the rhombecephalic and mesencephalic cranial nerve nuclei. Anat Rec, 302:381-393, 2019.
RESUMENEn el marco de la renovada actualidad alcanzada por la pandemia de gripe de 1918-1919 en los últimos años y del protagonismo logrado por los estudios que analizan el proceso de innovación en Medicina, el presente trabajo analiza el papel representado por sueros y vacunas -los nuevos recursos de la ciencia médica del momento-en la lucha contra la gripe de 1918-1919. El estudio pone de relieve su dependencia de los factores científicos, sociales, económicos y profesionales que concurrieron, y muestra también las principales consecuencias derivadas de la puesta a punto y uso de los citados recursos terapéuticos y profilácticos.PALABRAS CLAVE: Sueros. Vacunas. Gripe de 1918Gripe de -1919. España. Siglo XX. SERUMS AND VACCINES TO FIGHT THE 1918-1919 INFLUENZA PAN-DEMIC IN SPAIN ABSTRACTAgainst the background of the renewed interest aroused in recent years by the influenza pandemic of [1918][1919], and the leading role now played by research analysing the process of innovation in medicine, this paper assesses the role played by serums and vaccines -the new resources of the medical science of the time-in the fight against the influenza outbreak of 1918-1919. The paper highlights the dependence on combined scientific, social, economic and professional factors, and also shows the main consequences arising from the fine-tuning and implementation of these therapeutic and prophylactic resources.
RESUMENEn el presente trabajo, utilizando como fuente principal el contenido de las conferencias que el Ateneo de Madrid dedicó al Seguro de Enfermedad al inicio de 1934, se analiza una de las etapas del proceso negociador del Seguro Obligatorio de Enfermedad registrada en nuestro país. A través de dicho análisis se intentará mostrar cuáles eran las opiniones de los médicos sobre el Seguro Obligatorio de Enfermedad en esa fecha, y poner de relieve hasta qué punto éstas estaban influidas por las de sus colegas europeos. Se hará especial hincapié en detectar las diferencias y concomitancias con los profesionales alemanes y franceses, dado el peso que los modelos implantados en Alemania y Francia tuvieron a la hora de diseñar un plan de seguros sociales para nuestro país. SUMMARYThis work studies one of the stages of the negotiating process of the State Health Care System in Spain, using the content of the «Ateneo de Madrid» conferences which held this subject at the beginning of 1934 as its prime source. It aims to show what the Spanish doctors' opinions were about the National Health Service at that time, and to highhght the influence of their European colleagues' views. It emphasizes on detecting the differences and concomitances with the German and French professionals, due to the influence that the models established in Germany and France had on the design of the Spanish National Health Service. * Este trabajo se realiza en el marco del proyecto de investigación llevado a cabo como becaria postdoctoral del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia en l'École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales de París.
RESUMENEste artículo estudia cómo se articuló la lucha contra la poliomielitis en España y muestra cómo dicha lucha exigió la combinación de tareas de educación y reeducación que implicaron no sólo a los profesionales sanitarios y a las personas afectadas por la enfermedad, sino también a su familia -especialmente a las madres -y a otros sectores de la población. Se analizan las soluciones ofrecidas durante la dictadura franquista , cuando la polio alcanzó su fase epidémica, pero también se muestra la respuesta dada desde 1929 hasta el inicio de la Guerra civil en dos contextos histórico-políticos distintos (parte de la dictadura de Primo de Rivera y la II República). Se han combinado fuentes diversas (documentación archivística y de organizaciones internacionales -OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud), AEP (Asociación Europea contra la Poliomielitis)… -, prensa científica y de información general, y fuentes orales) y el abordaje metodológico ha consistido en el análisis del discurso presente en dichas fuentes y su contextualización en los marcos historiográficos pertinentes.Palabras clave: poliomielitis; educación y reeducación víctimas polio; España franquista; siglo XX.1 Trabajo realizado en el marco del proyecto HAR2012-39655-C04-04 (financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, España).2 Universidad de Castilla -La Mancha, Ciudad Real, España. RESUMOEste artigo estuda como foi articulada a luta contra a poliomielite na Espanha e mostra como essa luta exigiu a combinação de ações de educação e reedu cação que envolveram não apenas os profissionais da saúde e as pessoas afetadas pela doença, mas, também, a sua família -especialmente as mães -e outros setores da população. São analisadas as soluções oferecidas durante a ditadura franquista , quando a pólio alcançou sua fase epidêmica, e também a resposta dada a partir de 1929 até o início da Guerra Civil em dois contextos histórico-políticos diferentes (durante uma parte da ditadura de Primo de Rivera e a II República). Foram utilizadas fontes diversificadas como documentação arquivística e de organizações internacionais -OMS (Organização Mundial de Saúde), AEP (Associação Europeia contra a Poliomielite) e outros -, meios de divulgação científica e informação geral, e fontes orais. A abordagem metodológica foi elaborada de acordo com a análise do discurso presente nessas fontes e sua contextualização nos marcos historiográficos pertinentes.Palavras-chave: poliomielite; educação e reeducação das vítimas da pólio; Espanha franquista; século XX. ABSTRACTThis article studies how the fight against poliomyelitis has been articulated in Spain and how such struggle demanded a combination of education and re-education tasks involving not only health professionals and polio victims but also their families -particularly mothers -and other members of the society. This work analyses solutions offered during its epidemic phase under the Franco Dictatorship (1939Dictatorship ( -1975 and also showing the response to this disease from 1929 until the beginning of...
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