The Spectrum of Neuroimaging Findings on CT and MRI in Adults With COVID-19

Abstract

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Ocular MRI Findings in Patients with Severe COVID-19: A Retrospective Multicenter Observational Study

“…COVID-19 has been reported to be associated with ophthalmological abnormalities, such as conjunctivitis, chemosis, retinopathy or optic neuritis (3)(4)(5)(6)(7). MRI orbital abnormalities have been reported but no MRI studies have been published about globe abnormalities to the best of our knowledge (8)(9)(10).…”

Subacute cerebellar ataxia following respiratory symptoms of COVID-19: a case report

“…The cytokines may cause endothelial dysfunction, activation of the coagulation cascade with microthrombi formation, vascular damage leading to hypercoagulopathy, hypoxia and microbleeds in the brain. On the other hand, cytokines that cross the blood-brain barrier may also lead to a dysregulated and excessive immune response in the brain inducing immune-mediated tissue damage [31,33]. This mechanism is considered to induce lesions in the corpus callosum, mostly in the splenium due to high levels of cytokine and glutamate receptors in this region.…”

What can the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 tell us : a meta-analysis

“…Examination methods re ecting nervous system damage in COVID-19 patients In the early stages, acute thromboembolic infarction is the most common intracranial presentation. At present, the most common neurological imaging ndings of acute infarction with a large number of blood clots, and intracranial hemorrhage (brain hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage or bleeding), the second including leukoencephalopathy, total lack of injury (basal ganglia, globus pallidus, hypothalamus, hippocampus and cortex), meningitis, and encephalitis, corpus callosum lesions, the olfactory bulb lesion, cranial nerve, spinal lesions and long-term changes in diffusion tensor imaging of the brain.Covid-19 is an independent risk factor for acute ischemic stroke, which is a valid indicator of poor prognosis.Meningitis and encephalitis are not very common [117][118] .In one study, continuous EEG monitoring was performed in 11 of 16 patients with Covid-19, most of which showed non-speci c encephalopathy [119] .…”

“…Nervous system damage is closely associated with the mortality of SARS-COV-2 infection, and whether the neurological symptoms are reversible is not yet clear.Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission for neurological problems or develop neurological dysfunction in the ICU have signi cantly increased mortality [104] .In one animal study, 4 out of 14 infected mice developed signi cant respiratory distress and neurological symptoms 2 days after infection, and only the mice showing neurological symptoms died, suggesting that neurological involvement may be a cause of death [105] .Some studies have con rmed that recovery from acute SARS-CoV-2 infection does not completely clear the virus, and has been found to have a higher potential risk for long-term residual neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive impairments, including depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychosis, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease [106] .An experimental animal study has also shown that coronavirus can persist in the central nervous system of its host [126] .The study results of Helms et al showed that 36% of severe COVID-19 survivors developed Dysfunction Syndrome [127] , and some studies also reported that patients with severe Dysfunction after the acute phase had signi cant recovery after active neurological rehabilitation [128] .In a prospective study, 68.33% of patients developed neurological symptoms during infection with SARS-CoV-2, and 50% recovered 3 months after infection but still had neurological symptoms [117] .Imaging results of 60 patients after recovery of COVID-19 neurological symptoms suggest that the microstructure and functional brain integrity of the brain may be damaged during the rehabilitation phase, which may require long-term neurological and neuroimaging follow-up [118] .…”