The spinal ependymal zone as a source of endogenous repair cells across vertebrates

Becker, Catherina G.; Becker, Thomas; Hugnot, Jean‐Philippe

doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.002

Cited by 68 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 195 publications

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“…This finding is in contrast with an early study in the closely related black ghost knifefish ( A. albifrons ), which had hypothesized that ependymal cells are the sole source of neuronal progenitors in the adult spinal cord (Anderson et al , ). Similarly, investigations in zebrafish have reported a typical localization of proliferating cells around the central canal, both in intact spinal cord and in spinal cord after lesioning (Park et al , ; Reimer et al , ; Becker et al , ). On the contrary, observations in goldfish have suggested cell proliferation throughout the mature spinal cord, including the parenchyma (Takeda et al , ), reminiscent of the findings of Sîrbulescu et al ().…”

Section: Adult Development Of the Spinal Cordmentioning

confidence: 76%

Stem‐Cell‐Driven Growth and Regrowth of the Adult Spinal Cord in Teleost Fish

Zupanc

2019

Developmental Neurobiology

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The spinal cord of the teleost fishApteronotus leptorhynchus continues to grow during adulthood, in concert with the overall body growth. Immunohistological studies, combined with mathematical modeling, suggest that this growth is driven by proliferative activity of Sox2-expressing stem/ progenitor cells (SPCs) and by cell drift due to population pressure. The SPCs exhibit high volumetric density in the caudal filament and the ependymal layer. Nevertheless, the majority of these cells are found in the parenchyma throughout the rostro-caudal axis of the spinal cord, albeit at much lower volumetric densities than in the ependymal layer. The SPCs give rise, via transit-amplifying cells, to neurons and glia. The relative number of neurons and glia is primarily regulated through apoptosis of supernumerary neurons. Quantitative analysis has demonstrated that the continued cell proliferation results in additive neurogenesis. This addition includes adult-born spinal electromotoneurons, thereby resulting in a continuous increase in the amplitude of the fish's electric organ discharge during adult life. Amputation of the caudal part of the spinal cord induces initially a degenerative response, dominated by massive apoptotic cell death in spinal cord tissue immediately rostral to the injury site, and distinguished by a partial loss of the electric organ discharge amplitude. This phase is followed by a regenerative response, characterized by absence of gliosis and by rapid stem-cell-driven tissue regrowth. Although the quality of the regenerated tissue is variable among individuals, the structural repair has led in every fish examined thus far to full recovery of the electric organ discharge amplitude.

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Section: Adult Development Of the Spinal Cordmentioning

confidence: 76%

Stem‐Cell‐Driven Growth and Regrowth of the Adult Spinal Cord in Teleost Fish

Zupanc

2019

Developmental Neurobiology

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“…Moreover, ciliary motility was observed in zebrafish floor plate cells [73][74][75], but remains to be investigated in other species. Ependymal cells of the central canal (ECCs), which commonly refer to the cells directly contacting the central canal [76], also harbour motile cilia ( Figure 2c). ECCs primarily originate from the ventral progenitor domains of the neural tube during spine development [77][78][79] and retain the ability to proliferate at postnatal stages.…”

Section: Identity Of Motile Ciliated Cells In the Spinal Cordmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of motile cilia in the development and physiology of the nervous system

Ringers

Olstad

Jurisch‐Yaksi

2019

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

103

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Motile cilia are miniature, whip-like organelles whose beating generates a directional fluid flow. The flow generated by ciliated epithelia is a subject of great interest, as defective ciliary motility results in severe human diseases called motile ciliopathies. Despite the abundance of motile cilia in diverse organs including the nervous system, their role in organ development and homeostasis remains poorly understood. Recently, much progress has been made regarding the identity of motile ciliated cells and the role of motile-ciliamediated flow in the development and physiology of the nervous system. In this review, we will discuss these recent advances from sensory organs, specifically the nose and the ear, to the spinal cord and brain ventricles.

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“…The human central nervous system is ineffective at functional recovery over the course of degeneration or injury and thus may benefit from an exogenous source of regeneration (55)(56)(57). iNSCs are a promising tool for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, given they are inherently programmed to regenerate the different specialized cells of the nervous system (18).…”

Section: Clinical Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Zero to Neuro-Reprogramming: Innovations in Translational Neuroregenerative Medicine

Galuta

Tsai²

2019

UOJM

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Acquiring live human nervous tissue for research presents ethical and technical constraints. As a result, clinicians and scientists resort to using animal models to investigate human neuronal development and degeneration. However, innate species differences in neurobiology have hindered the translation of disease pathologies and development of therapeutic strategies. The discovery of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) and their examination has been critical for neuronal development, degeneration and regeneration. NSCs can exist in different developmental stages, embryonic through adult, and possess the capacity to generate the various cells that make up the nervous system. Importantly, human somatic cells can be obtained non-invasively and genetically reprogrammed into NSCs providing an ethically viable source of stem cells for translational study and potential therapy. Novel methods to generate NSCs of various developmental origins and regional identities are rapidly evolving to provide safer, quicker, and more efficient reprogramming strategies. Reprogrammed NSCs share many molecular and functional attributes with their endogenous NSC counterparts and can be used for in vitro modelling at a large scale. The accessibility to study patient specific NSCs allows the causal inferences of human disease mechanisms that may be unfeasible to model in animals. Despite the novelty of this burgeoning field, the opportunity for translational discoveries in neuronal development and degeneration and for therapeutic applications is unprecedented. This review will highlight the advances in manufacturing NSCs and their translational implications for disease modelling and potential treatment of the nervous system.

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The spinal ependymal zone as a source of endogenous repair cells across vertebrates

Cited by 68 publications

References 195 publications

Stem‐Cell‐Driven Growth and Regrowth of the Adult Spinal Cord in Teleost Fish

Stem‐Cell‐Driven Growth and Regrowth of the Adult Spinal Cord in Teleost Fish

The role of motile cilia in the development and physiology of the nervous system

From Zero to Neuro-Reprogramming: Innovations in Translational Neuroregenerative Medicine

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