“…Although highly pluralistic and individualistic cultures tend to tolerate lower levels of conformity, one may find a greater spiral of silence effect in a collectivistic culture, such as South Korea, where public self-image is valued more than private self-image (E. Park, 1998). Second, although a greater spiral of silence effect can be observed in East Asian countries, only a small number of studies exist in the literature that tested the spiral of silence in the region (e.g., Ho, Chen, & Sim, 2013;S.-H.Kim, Han, Shanahan, & Berdayes, 2004;E. Park, 1998;Willnat, Lee, & Detenber, 2001).…”