The stability of the chloro complexes of magnesium and of the alkaline earth metals at elevated temperatures

Šůcha, L.; Čadek, J.; Hrábek, K.; Veselý, Jozef

doi:10.1135/cccc19752020

Cited by 14 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…However, at relatively low temperatures between 15°C and 85°C, the equilibrium association constants of calcium ions with chloride ions in aqueous solution reported in literature are small. In fact, logK varies between À0.28 and À0.04 [79][80][81][82][83] which indicates, therefore, the instability of the ion pairs. Korchef and Touabi [17] showed that, at 28 and 50°C and for low concentrations of chloride below 0.18 mM, calcium chloride ion pairs either do not form or have stability fields too small to remarkably decrease the free calcium ion concentration in the solution and to reduce, therefore, the CaCO 3 growth rate.…”

Section: Effect Of Chloride Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Operating Parameters and Foreign Ions on the Crystal Growth of Calcium Carbonate during Scale Formation: An Overview

Korchef¹

2022

Crystallization and Applications

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Due to the insufficiency of freshwater resources and to supply the drinking water populations, many desalination processes such as reverse osmosis, electrodialysis and distillation are widely used. However, these processes are of large-scale consumers of energy and confronted with various problems such as corrosion and scale formation. In most cases, scales are made of calcium carbonate CaCO3. In the present chapter, an overview on the effect of operating parameters such as temperature, pH and supersaturation on the precipitation kinetics, microstructure, and polymorphism of CaCO3 is given. Additionally, I put special emphasis on the effect of foreign ions such as magnesium, sulphate, and iron ions on CaCO3 precipitation since they are present at significant concentrations in natural waters. Also, the mechanisms by which these ions affect the crystal growth of CaCO3 were pointed out. Knowledge about these operating parameters as well as the effects of foreign ions allow elucidating the polymorphs growth during water treatment. The control of these operating parameters allows reducing scale formation during drinking water and wastewater treatment. The economic impact is of greatest importance since this favorably affects the treatment costs, increases the equipment life, and allows enhanced product water recovery.

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