“…Even though these conditions in Niger are not the object of analysis here, this discussion draws attention to Stoler's (2013) term "imperial formations" as referring to ongoing processes of "ruinification", and the sustainability of vulnerability and damage (p. 7-9). Thus, Niger not only deals with its legacy of colonialism and its various implications in the present (for example, Alzouma, 2009), but with continued ruinification of the country through militarization and environmental violence enacted by forces both within and outside of Niger.…”