The state of human bone tissue during space flight

Oganov, V.; Rakhmanov, A. S.; Novikov, V. V.; Zatsepin, S.T.; Родионова, С. С.; Cann, C E

doi:10.1016/0094-5765(91)90109-i

Cited by 53 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] BONE L OSS Bone mineral is lost during spaceflight because weightlessness unloads the skeleton. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] This has been known for decades, but determining predictive factors or showing changes that are consistent from subject to subject has proved difficult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium and bone metabolism during space flight

Smith

Heer

2002

Nutrition

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium and bone metabolism during space flight

Smith

Heer

2002

Nutrition

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“…The state of human bone tissue after space flight was also measured by photon absorption [78,89,96]. Thus, a post flight decrease of 4.5-7.9% in bone mineral content in the os calcis (trabecular bone) was observed, and these changes were not regained even after 3 months of recovery.…”

Section: Potassium Calcium Magnesiummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent study has compared results of changes in bone mineral content in cosmonauts after prolonged space flights (150-237 day) with their blood concentrations of hormones that determine calcium homeostasis [78]. The decrease in bone mineralization observed in six cosmonauts after the space missions was paralleled by a two-fold increase in plasma PTH and a substantial decrease in plasma calcitonin concentration, which could provoke a calcium loss by activating bone remodeling and by modulating calcium transport in the intestine and the kidney.…”

Section: Calcium Homeostasis Regulating Hormonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water and electrolyte studies during long-term missions onboard the space stations SALYUT and MIR

1994

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This contribution summarizes the results of investigations of water-electrolyte metabolism and its hormonal regulation conducted in cosmonauts who performed long-term space flights (from 18 to 366 days) aboard the space stations Salyut and Mir and compares them with the results obtained during various NASA flights. The role of the kidneys in ion metabolism regulation was assessed by various water-salt load tests before and after flights. In addition, the results of a year-long space flight and of medical experiments performed during the 237- and 241-day missions by the physicians and cosmonaut-researchers Atkov and Polyakov are reviewed in detail. In spite of interindividual variations, metabolic, and endocrine studies during prolonged space flights showed a reduction in body mass, usually with a reduction in body water and electrolytes and considerable changes in blood hormone concentrations and urinary hormone excretion. These changes reflect the processes of extended adaptation to a new environment. It is likely that shifts in electrolyte metabolism in weightlessness are primarily due to metabolic changes that diminish the tissue ability for ion retention and to concomitant changes in the endocrine status. The postflight examinations revealed changes in fluid-electrolyte metabolism and in the function of the kidneys which indicated a hypohydration status and a stimulation of hormonal systems responsible for fluid-electrolyte homeostasis in order to readapt to the normal gravitation. Postflight decline in osmotic concentration of urine in cosmonauts was accompanied by an altered response to antidiuretic hormone and was probably caused by changes in the functional state of the kidneys. We conclude that detailed knowledge of the alterations in water-electrolyte metabolism and its hormonal regulation on different stages of space flight are important prerequisites for the development of countermeasures to space deconditioning and thus for increased human efficiency in space. In addition, these data contribute to an increase in our general knowledge on the regulation of kidney function.

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“…Similarly, Oganov [27] analyzed spine BMD with early application of computed tomography (CT). Evidence from four Russian cosmonauts, after 5-7 month space missions, similarly displayed large variability with losses in vertebral BMD in three cosmonauts (0.3% to 10.8%) and a gain of 2.3% in one cosmonaut [27].…”

Section: Changes In Bone Mass Bone Mineral Density and Bone Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation of the Skeletal System During Long-Duration Spaceflight

Sibonga

Cavanagh

Lang

et al. 2007

Clinic Rev Bone Miner Metab

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This review will highlight evidence from crew members flown on space missions >90 days to suggest that the adaptations of the skeletal system to mechanical unloading may predispose crew members to an accelerated onset of osteoporosis after return to Earth. By definition, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder − characterized by low bone mineral density and structural deterioration − that reduces the ability of bones to resist fracture under the loading of normal daily activities. "Involutional" or agerelated osteoporosis is readily recognized as a syndrome afflicting the elderly population because of the insipid and asymptomatic nature of bone loss that does not typically manifest as fractures until after age 1 https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20080014098 2018-05-10T03:42:55+00:00Z ~60. It is not the thesis of this review to suggest that spaceflight-induced bone loss is similar to bone loss induced by metabolic bone disease; rather this review draws parallels between the rapid and earlier loss in females that occurs with menopause and the rapid bone loss in middle-aged crew members that occurs with spaceflight unloading and how the cumulative effects of spaceflight and ageing could be detrimental, particularly if skeletal effects are totally or partially irreversible.In brief, this report will provide detailed evidence that long-duration crew members, exposed to the weightlessness of space for the typical long-duration (4-6 months) mission on Mir or the International Space Station --1. Display bone resorption that is aggressive, that targets normally weight-bearing skeletal sites, that is uncoupled to bone formation and that results in areal BMD deficits that can range between 6-20% of preflight BMD; 2. Display compartment-specific declines in volumetric BMD in the proximal femur (a skeletal site of clinical interest) that significantly reduces its compressive and bending strength and which may account for the loss in hip bone strength (i.e., force to failure); 3. Recover BMD over a post-flight time period that exceeds spaceflight exposure but for which the restoration of whole bone strength remains an open issue and may involve structural alteration; and 4. Display risk factors for bone loss --such as the negative calcium balance and down-regulated calcium-regulating hormones in response to bone atrophy --that can be compounded by the constraints of conducting mission operations (inability to provide essential nutrients and vitamins).The full characterization of the skeletal response to mechanical unloading in space is not complete. In particular, countermeasures used to date have been inadequate and it is not yet known 2 whether more appropriate countermeasures can prevent the changes in bone that have been found in previous flights, Knowledge gaps related to the effects of prolonged (> 6months) space exposure and to partial gravity environments are substantial, and longitudinal measurements on crew members after spaceflight are required to assess the full impact on skeletal recovery.

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The state of human bone tissue during space flight

Cited by 53 publications

References 3 publications

Calcium and bone metabolism during space flight

Calcium and bone metabolism during space flight

Water and electrolyte studies during long-term missions onboard the space stations SALYUT and MIR

Adaptation of the Skeletal System During Long-Duration Spaceflight

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