The State of US Health, 1990-2010

Murray, Christopher J L; Abraham, Jerry; Ali, Mohammed K.; Alvarado, Miriam; Atkinson, Charles; Baddour, Larry M.; Bartels, David; Benjamin, Emelia J.; Bhalla, Kavi; Birbeck, Gretchen L.; Bolliger, Ian; Burstein, Roy; Carnahan, Emily; Chen, Honglei; Chou, David; Chugh, Sumeet S.; Cohen, Aaron M.; Colson, K. Ellicott; Cooper, Leslie T.; Couser, William G.; Criqui, Michael H.; Dabhadkar, Kaustubh; Dahodwala, Nabila; Danaei, Goodarz; Dellavalle, Robert P.; Jarlais, Don C. Des; Dicker, Daniel; Ding, Eric L.; Dorsey, E. Ray; Duber, Herbert C.; Ebel, Beth E.; Engell, Rebecca E.; Ezzati, Majid; Felson, David T.; Finucane, Mariel M.; Flaxman, Seth; Flaxman, Abraham D.; Fleming, Thomas; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Freedman, Greg; Freeman, Michael K.; Gabriel, Sherine E.; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Gillum, Richard F.; González-Medina, Diego; Gosselin, Richard A.; Grant, Bridget F.; Gutierrez, H; Hagan, Holly; Havmoeller, Rasmus; Hoffman, Howard J.; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; James, Spencer L.; Jasrasaria, Rashmi; Jayaraman, Sudha; Johns, Nicole E.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J; Khatibzadeh, Shahab; Knowlton, Lisa Marie; Lan, Qing; Leasher, Janet; Lim, Stephen S; Lin, John K.; Lipshultz, Steven E.; London, Stephanie J.; Lozano, Rafael; Lu, Yuan; MacIntyre, Michael F.; Mallinger, Leslie; McDermott, Mary McGrae; Meltzer, Michele; Mensah, George A.; Michaud, Catherine; Miller, Ted R.; Mock, Charles; Moffitt, Terrie E.; Mokdad, Ali A.; Moran, Andrew E.; Mozaffarian, Dariush; Murphy, Tasha; Naghavi, Mohsen; Narayan, K.M. Venkat; Nelson, Robert G.; Olives, Casey; Omer, Saad B.; Ortblad, Katrina F; Ostro, Bart; Pelizzari, Pamela M.; Phillips, David; Pope, C. Arden; Raju, Murugesan; Ranganathan, Dharani; Razavi, Homie; Ritz, Beate; Rivara, Frederick P.; Roberts, Thomas J.; Sacco, Ralph L.; Salomon, Joshua A.; Sampson, Uchechukwu K.A.; Sanman, Ella; Sapkota, Amir; Schwebel, David C.; Shahraz, Saeid; Shibuya, Kenji; Shivakoti, Rupak; Silberberg, Donald H.; Singh, Gitanjali; Singh, David; Singh, Jasvinder A; Sleet, David A.; Steenland, Kyle; Tavakkoli, Mohammad; Taylor, Jennifer A.; Thurston, George D.; Towbin, Jeffrey A.; Vavilala, Monica S.; Vos, Theo; Wagner, Gregory R.; Weinstock, Martin A.; Weisskopf, Marc G.; Wilkinson, James D.; Wulf, Sarah; Zabetian, Azadeh; Lopez, Alan D

doi:10.1001/jama.2013.13805

Cited by 2,157 publications

(840 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…In 2010, ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of life lost in the United States at 7.2 million life years with stroke third at 1.9 million years 3. Healthy People4 2020 goals include reducing deaths from heart disease and stroke 20% 5.…”

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confidence: 99%

2013 ACC/AHA Cholesterol Guideline and Implications for Healthy People 2020 Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Goals

Egan

White

et al. 2016

JAHA

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BackgroundHealthy People 2020 aim to reduce fatal atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) by 20%, which translates into 310 000 fewer events annually assuming proportional reduction in fatal and nonfatal ASCVD. We estimated preventable ASCVD events by implementing the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) 2013 Cholesterol Guideline in all statin‐eligible adults. Absolute risk reduction (ARR) and number needed‐to‐treat (NNT) were calculated.Methods and ResultsNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data for 2007–2012 were analyzed for adults aged 21 to 79 years and extrapolated to the US population. Literature‐guided assumptions were used including (1) low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol falls 33% with moderate‐intensity statins and 51% with high‐intensity statins; (2) for each 39 mg/dL decline in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, 10‐year ASCVD 10 risk would fall 21% when ASCVD 10 risk was ≥20% and 33% when ASCVD 10 risk was <20%; and (3) either all statin‐eligible untreated adults or all with ASCVD 10 risk ≥7.5% would receive statins. Of 175.9 million adults aged 21 to 79 years not taking statins, 44.8 million (25.5%) were statin eligible. Treating all statin‐eligible adults would prevent an estimated 243 589 ASCVD events annually (ARR 5.4%, 10‐year NNT 18). Treating all statin‐eligible adults with ASCVD 10 risk ≥7.5% reduces the number treated to 32.2 million (28.2% fewer), whereas ASCVD events prevented annually fall only 10.5% to 217 974 (6.8% ARR, NNT 15).ConclusionsImplementing the ACC/AHA 2013 Cholesterol Guideline in all untreated, statin‐eligible adults could achieve ≈78% of the Healthy People 2020 ASCVD prevention goal. Most of the benefit is attained by individuals with 10‐year ASCVD risk ≥7.5%.

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confidence: 99%

2013 ACC/AHA Cholesterol Guideline and Implications for Healthy People 2020 Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Goals

Egan

White

et al. 2016

JAHA

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“…Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity globally, accounting for 65% of deaths and 54% of disability‐adjusted life‐years in 2010 1, 2. Suboptimal lifestyle is the major cause of NCDs, including poor diet, physical inactivity, tobacco, adiposity, and excess alcohol 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Information Technology and Lifestyle: A Systematic Evaluation of Internet and Mobile Interventions for Improving Diet, Physical Activity, Obesity, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use

Afshin

Babalola

Mclean

et al. 2016

JAHA

199

165

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BackgroundNovel interventions are needed to improve lifestyle and prevent noncommunicable diseases, the leading cause of death and disability globally. This study aimed to systematically review, synthesize, and grade scientific evidence on effectiveness of novel information and communication technology to reduce noncommunicable disease risk.Methods and ResultsWe systematically searched PubMed for studies evaluating the effect of Internet, mobile phone, personal sensors, or stand‐alone computer software on diet, physical activity, adiposity, tobacco, or alcohol use. We included all interventional and prospective observational studies conducted among generally healthy adults published between January 1990 and November 2013. American Heart Association criteria were used to evaluate and grade the strength of evidence. From 8654 abstracts, 224 relevant reports were identified. Internet and mobile interventions were most common. Internet interventions improved diet (N=20 studies) (Class IIa A), physical activity (N=33), adiposity (N=35), tobacco (N=22), and excess alcohol (N=47) (Class I A each). Mobile interventions improved physical activity (N=6) and adiposity (N=3) (Class I A each). Evidence limitations included relatively brief durations (generally <6 months, nearly always <1 year), heterogeneity in intervention content and intensity, and limited representation from middle/low‐income countries.ConclusionsInternet and mobile interventions improve important lifestyle behaviors up to 1 year. This systematic review supports the need for long‐term interventions to evaluate sustainability.

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“…In the United States (US), the burden of noncardiovascular diseases (non‐CVDs) such as cancers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is substantial 1. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, non‐CVDs were responsible for over 1 500 000 deaths combined in 2011 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Life's Simple 7 and Noncardiovascular Disease: The Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Ogunmoroti

Allen

Cushman

et al. 2016

JAHA

107

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BackgroundThe American Heart Association introduced the Life's Simple 7 (LS7) metrics to assess and promote cardiovascular health. We examined the association between the LS7 metrics and noncardiovascular disease.Methods and ResultsWe studied 6506 men and women aged between 45 and 84 years, enrolled in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Median follow‐up time was 10.2 years. Each component of the LS7 metrics (smoking, body mass index, physical activity, diet, total cholesterol, blood pressure, and blood glucose) was assigned points, 0 indicates “poor” category; 1, “intermediate,” and 2, “ideal.” The LS7 score, ranged from 0 to 14, was created from the points and categorized as optimal (11–14), average (9–10), and inadequate (0–8). Hazard ratios and event rates per 1000 person‐years were calculated for outcomes based on self‐reported hospitalizations with the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, diagnoses of cancer, chronic kidney disease, pneumonia, deep venous thromboembolism/pulmonary embolism, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dementia, and hip fracture. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, and education. Overall, noncardiovascular disease event rates were lower with increasing LS7 scores. With the inadequate LS7 score as reference, an optimal score was associated with a decreased risk for noncardiovascular disease events. The hazard ratio for cancer was, 0.80 (0.64–0.98); chronic kidney disease, 0.38 (0.27–0.54); pneumonia, 0.57 (0.40–0.80); deep venous thromboembolism/pulmonary embolism, 0.52 (0.33–0.82), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 0.51 (0.31–0.83).ConclusionsThe American Heart Association's LS7 score identified individuals who were vulnerable to multiple chronic nonvascular conditions. These results suggest that improving cardiovascular health will also reduce the burden of cancer and other chronic diseases.

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The State of US Health, 1990-2010

Cited by 2,157 publications

References 69 publications

2013 ACC/AHA Cholesterol Guideline and Implications for Healthy People 2020 Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Goals

2013 ACC/AHA Cholesterol Guideline and Implications for Healthy People 2020 Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Goals

Information Technology and Lifestyle: A Systematic Evaluation of Internet and Mobile Interventions for Improving Diet, Physical Activity, Obesity, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use

Association Between Life's Simple 7 and Noncardiovascular Disease: The Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

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