The status and characteristics of urinary stone composition in China

Abstract

Epidemiology ObjectivesTo explore characteristics of urinary stone composition in China, and determine the effects of gender, age, body mass index (BMI), stone location, and geographical region on stone composition. Patients and methodsWe prospectively used Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to analyse stones from consecutive patients presenting with new-onset urolithiasis at 46 hospitals in seven geographical areas of China, between 1 June 2010 and 31 May 2015. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression analyses were used to determine associations between stone composition and gender, age, BMI, stone location, and geographical region. ResultsThe most common stone constituents were: calcium oxalate (CaOx; 65.9%), carbapatite (15.6%), urate (12.4%), struvite (2.7%), and brushite (1.7%). CaOx and urate stones occurred more frequently in males, whereas carbapatite and struvite were more common in females (P < 0.01). CaOx and carbapatite were more common in those aged 30-50 and 20-40 years than in other groups. Brushite and struvite were most common amongst those aged <20 and >70 years. The detection rate of urate increased with age, whilst cystine decreased with age. Obese patients were more likely to have urate stones than carbapatite or brushite stones (P < 0.01). CaOx, carbapatite, brushite, and cystine stones were more frequently found in the kidney than other types, whereas urate and struvite were more frequent in the bladder (P < 0.01). Stone composition varied by geographical region. ConclusionsThe most common stone composition was CaOx, followed by carbapatite, urate, struvite, and brushite. Stone composition differed significantly in patients grouped by gender, age, BMI, stone location, and geographical region.

Urinary stone composition analysis and clinical characterization of 1520 patients in central China

“…As a regional centre for stone treatment, our centre dealt with more complex cases of staghorn calculi and urinary calculi with severe infections, which could lead to a selection bias. Consistent with the results in other reports 2,5,7,8,10,12 , we found that the proportion of infection stones among females in the present study was three times that in males, accounting for 15.5% and 3.9%, respectively. Another finding of our research was that the rate of infection stone is apparently related to urinary tract infection and a higher urine pH profile.…”

“…Our study reveals that the urinary stone composition in central China has its www.nature.com/scientificreports/ own characteristics compared with those in other areas in China, which is highly correlated with sex, age, stone location, clinical biochemical indexes and geographic location. In our study, the prevalence of CaOx (78.37% of stones) was higher than that in other regions in China 2,5,8,12,13 . The mainly vegetarian diet in central China may lead to this high CaOx prevalence.…”

“…The prevalence of kidney stones in China is estimated to be approximately 5.8% according to the most recent epidemiological study performed in China 1 . Stone composition is affected by dietary habits, geography, socioeconomic conditions, infections, urinary tract anatomical deformity, and metabolic disorders 2 . Defining stone composition is important for determining a treatment plan, understanding aetiology and preventing recurrence.…”

“…To date, there are few studies of regional urinary stone composition in China 2 , 5 – 8 , which were conducted in economically prosperous regions in China. The central region of China, especially Henan province, is dominated by the agricultural population, with a long-term lag in economic development, and its climate, diet, and ethnicity are quite different from those of other regions.…”

Overexpression of miR‑30c‑5p reduces cellular cytotoxicity and inhibits the formation of kidney stones through ATG5

“…In addition, kidney stones have a high occurrence rate (2). calcium oxalate (caOx)-induced kidney stones, which are the most common types of kidney stones, account for approximately 60% of all cases of kidney stones in china (3). caOx-induced kidney stones can be formed by crystal deposits in tubular epithelial cells, a high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequent inflammatory response.…”