The story of hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and practice.

Maddi, Salvatore R.

doi:10.1037/1061-4087.54.3.175

Cited by 101 publications

(186 citation statements)

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“…These principles remain the core of Maddi´s approach to hardiness training and have been developed further into a more complete training program that also includes social support and effective self-care components (Maddi, 2002;Maddi et al, 2009). Trainees are taught how to improve the efficacy of their interaction network with significant others and how to take the necessary relaxation, nutritional, and exercise steps to maintain what Maddi and colleagues call an optimal level of organismic arousal for carrying out problem-solving coping while avoiding health problems.…”

Section: Hardiness Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Stability of Psychological Hardiness: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study

Hystad

Olsen²,

Espevik³

et al. 2015

Military Psychology

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This file was dowloaded from the institutional repository Brage NIH -brage.bibsys.no/nih Hystad, S. W., Olsen, O. K., Espevik, R., Säfvenbom, R. (2015). On the stability of psychological hardiness: a three-year longitudinal study.Military Psychology, 27,[155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168].Dette er siste tekst-versjon av artikkelen, og den kan inneholde små forskjeller fra forlagets pdf-versjon. Forlagets pdf-versjon finner du på www.apa.org: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/mil0000069This is the final text version of the article, and it may contain minor differences from the journal's pdf version. (2004) found that officers who were low in hardiness made more erroneous decisions compared with officers high on hardiness during simulated incidents. In military groups, hardiness has been identified as significant moderator of combat-exposure stress (Bartone, 1999(Bartone, , 2000, as well as leader performance (Bartone, Eid, Johnsen, Laberg, & Snook, 2009 Hardiness DevelopmentHardiness training programs have varied in complexity from relatively simple self-paced learning modules to more elaborate approaches that also include teachings on additional factors that can influence healthy and unhealthy reactions to stress. In one of the earliest reported efforts, In sum, there seems to be some empirical evidence suggesting that hardiness may be malleable to the effects of training initiatives. Many studies, however, are somewhat limited in 6 that they have utilized a relatively short time-frame with minimal post-intervention follow-up (for a more complete review, see . Using a short timeframe raises the possibility that some of the increases are learning effects due to test familiarization. In the study by Tierny and Lavelle (1997), for instance, levels of hardiness increased immediately following completion of the training, but returned to baseline levels six months later. Bartone and Hystad (2010) suggest that to create lasting effects, hardiness training may need to include regular follow-ups and re-training over an extended period of time. To the best of our knowledge, no studies so far have longitudinally investigated how individual levels of hardiness are influenced by long-term training interventions. Hardiness Development and Military ExperienceBased on the discussion so far, the aim of this study was to longitudinally examine the showed that individual hardiness levels increased following completion of the training course.

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Section: Hardiness Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Stability of Psychological Hardiness: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study

Hystad

Olsen²,

Espevik³

et al. 2015

Military Psychology

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“…Hardy attitudes construct how individuals perceive their interactions with the world and motivate them to overcome adversity (Maddi, 2002). There are three personality characteristics central to hardiness: challenge, commitment, and control (Maddi & Hightower, 1999).…”

Section: Personal Qualitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…People operating with characteristics of control maintain the belief that they can influence outcomes through their effort and generally do not feel powerless in situations, assuming control over their experiences (Maddi, 2008;Maddi & Hightower, 1999). Together these hardy attitudes can facilitate awareness about the meaning in life and they constitute courage in facing life's challenges (Maddi, 2002).…”

Section: Personal Qualitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals with hardy coping styles believe in their efficacy and ability to utilize social supports and resources. Hardiness is thought to develop in individuals who are encouraged and helped by others to turn adversity into opportunity, providing pathways to development and resilience (Maddi, 2002(Maddi, , 2008.…”

Section: Personal Qualitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were differences in the way the youth appraised stressful life events (commitment), viewed stress as an opportunity for growth (challenge), and expressed optimism or confidence in their abilities to control the outcomes of their experiences (control). Together, these belief systems can encourage effective coping strategies, turning stressful events into opportunities for growth (Maddi, 2002;Maddi et al, 1996).…”

Section: What Specific Challenges Do Youth Face In Being Street Involmentioning

confidence: 99%

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George¹

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Interpersonal leader responses to secondary trauma in nonprofit human service organizations

Silard

2020

Nonprofit Mgmnt & Ldrshp

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Secondary trauma is concerned with the intrapersonal affective responses an individual can experience during or subsequent to an interaction(s) with another person who recounts his or her personal stories of abuse, trauma, or disempowerment. Secondary trauma can engender a host of detrimental intrapersonal effects on nonprofit staff who express empathy toward clients experiencing primary trauma. I explore the interpersonallevel responses to secondary trauma-affected staff available to the leaders of nonprofit human service organizations. These secondary trauma-sensitive leader behaviors, I theorize, will reduce the prevalence of secondary trauma in nonprofit organizations and generate follower engagement.

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The story of hardiness: Twenty years of theorizing, research, and practice.

Cited by 101 publications

References 0 publications

On the Stability of Psychological Hardiness: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study

On the Stability of Psychological Hardiness: A Three-Year Longitudinal Study

The Experiences of Street Involved Youth Living in the North.

Interpersonal leader responses to secondary trauma in nonprofit human service organizations

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