The Strengths of Muslim American Couples in the Face of Religious Discrimination Following September 11 and the Iraq War

Carter, Brianne Goodman

doi:10.1080/00377317.2010.481462

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Some argue the hijab has evolved from a symbol of piety, purity and religiosity into a cultural and political statement (Abdel-Mageed, 2008). This phenomenon was illustrated in a study conducted by Dwyer (1999) (Carter, 2008;Douki, Zineb, Nacef & Halbreich, 2007;Hassouneh & Kulwicki;Reitmanova & Gustafson, 2008;Whittaker, Hardy, Lewis, & Buchan, 2005).…”

Section: Visibility Of Muslim Womenmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Islam is a "way of living one's life before God," and the principles of Islam are based on a core structure known as "the five pillars": the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) performed once in a lifetime, fasting during the holy month of Ramadan (siyam) performed once a year, alms-giving (zakat) performed once a month, prayer (salat) performed five times a day, and the profession of faith (shahadah) performed at every breath (Carter, 2008). Muslims, followers of the Islamic faith, believe there is only one God (Allah) and adhere to the Quran, a text of guidelines referred to as the "straight way" received by the prophet Muhammad (Alghorani, 2006;Verkuyten, 2008).…”

Section: Islamic Identitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Islam is not confined to any particular culture as it is practiced by a diverse range of ethnic groups throughout the world. It is the second-largest religion in the world after Christianity and currently the fastest growing (Carter, 2008). One could argue it is not possible to distinguish Islamic identity from ethno-cultural identity, given that the principles of Islam are often deeply ingrained within the beliefs and practices of a given cultural group.…”

Section: Islamic Identitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This notion has been supported by a number of qualitative studies conducted in North America with ethnically diverse samples of Muslim women. These studies documented how the "privileged" status afforded to lighter coloured (less visible) Muslim refugees and migrants was severely compromised whilst wearing hijab (Ajrouch & Kusow, 2007;Carter, 2008).…”

Section: Visibility Of Muslim Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One such study was conducted by Hassouneh and Kulwicki (2007) (Carter, 2008;Droogsma, 2007;Whittaker et al, 2005). bear the brunt of discriminatory acts, the majority of which are thought to go unreported as they (often refugees or migrants) are unable or afraid to lodge a complaint (Butcher et al, 2006;Chile, 2002).…”

Section: Visibility Of Muslim Womenmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Cross-Cultural Psychology

Rau¹,

Plocher²,

Choong³

2012

Human Factors and Ergonomics

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Given the increasing prevalence of Islam, current socio-political climate and visibility of Muslim women in Western societies the current study aimed to investigate 1) the nature of religious discrimination experienced by Muslim women in New Zealand and 2) the influence of perceived religious discrimination and differing facets of Islamic identity (psychological, behavioural and visible) on the psychological wellbeing (life satisfaction and psychological symptoms) of 153 Muslim women. The results of the present study revealed that Muslim women rarely feel discriminated against, although women originating from the Middle East and Africa reported significantly more discrimination than women from Asia. When discrimination did occur, it was more likely to come from strangers and service people and take the form of social exclusion as opposed to direct harassment. Furthermore, Muslim women wearing highly visible hijab experienced significantly more religious discrimination.A strong sense of Islamic identity (psychological, behavioural and visible) and low frequency of perceived religious discrimination were hypothesized to predict significantly greater life satisfaction and fewer psychological symptoms in Muslim women. Contrary to the hypothesis, psychological and behavioural facets of Islamic identity, in addition to perceived religious discrimination, failed to independently predict psychological wellbeing.Islamic visibility did however predict greater psychological wellbeing. Strong endorsement of the different aspects of Islamic identity was hypothesized to buffer the detrimental influence of perceived religious discrimination on psychological wellbeing. The results of the present study however indicated strong psychological affiliation with Islam may have exacerbated the detrimental effect of perceived religious discrimination and as a consequence was associated with poorer psychological wellbeing. The act of participating iii in Islamic practices, on the other hand, seemed to provide a degree of resistance against the detrimental effects of religious discrimination and was associated with better psychological wellbeing.iv

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