The Structure and Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Nanocomposites Prepared by Twin Screw Extrusion

Preparation and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites made from cellulose nanofibers

“…The three main peaks at 2y values of 14.9, 16.8, and 22.6 were observed in the curves for MCC nanofibers and flax nanofibers, corresponding to a cellulose I structure. 12 MCC nanofibers in this work were much less crystalline than flax nanofibers. This was apparently due to the low amorphous content of MCC and lack of a protective layer (lignin and hemicelluloses).…”

Mechanical properties of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) prepared by twin screw extrusion

“…However, the development of other, more flexible and industrially viable processing techniques is necessary to promote commercialization of these materials. Therefore, several interesting processing methods have recently been reported for these materials [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

“…One of the developed processing methods has been melt compounding [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. The melt compounding of cellulose nanocomposites presents several challenges [14].…”

“…The nanocelluloses have a very high surface area and have a tendency to aggregate when dried. That can be avoided by first mixing them in a suitable medium, either in a liquid, which is then fed into the extruder, or first dried and then extruded [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

Properties of nanofibrillated cellulose from different raw materials and its reinforcement potential

“…With a total quantity on earth of 10 11 tons (Coughlan, 1985), cellulose is the most abundant, renewable and biodegradable natural polymer (Mathew, Chakraborty, Oksman, & Sain, 2006). In lignocellulosic fibers that have diameters in the micrometer and lengths in the millimeter range cellulose acts as a structural element with a content of approximately 45%.…”