The structure of orf virus

Nagington, J.; Newton, Alison A.; Horne, R.W.

doi:10.1016/0042-6822(64)90230-2

Cited by 68 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The fibers appeared to be oriented parallel to the virion surface ( Fig. 1 and 2), an observation consistent with both the "short railroad tracks" surface topography described by Heuser (20) and the very notable ropelike helical surface fibers of parapoxvirus (46,48,49,55). Although somewhat cytoskeletal in appearance, the mode of depolymerization of these SFEs, i.e., primarily under reducing conditions, would seem atypical for common cellular cytoskeletal proteins.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation of Vaccinia Virus Structure

Kuznetsov

Gershon

McPherson

2008

J Virol

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Vaccinia virus was treated in a controlled manner with various combinations of nonionic detergents, reducing agents, and proteolytic enzymes, and successive products of the reactions were visualized using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Following removal of the outer lipid/protein membrane, a layer 20 to 40 nm in thickness was encountered that was composed of fibrous elements which, under reducing conditions, rapidly decomposed into individual monomers on the substrate. Beneath this layer was the virus core and its prominent lateral bodies, which could be dissociated or degraded with proteases. The core, in addition to the lateral bodies, was composed of a thick, multilayered shell of proteins of diverse sizes and shapes. The shell, which was readily etched with proteases, was thoroughly permeated with pores, or channels. Prolonged exposure to proteases and reductants produced disgorgement of the viral DNA from the remainders of the cores and also left residual, flattened, protease-resistant sacs on the imaging substrate. The DNA was readily visualized by AFM, which revealed some regions to be "soldered" by proteins, others to be heavily complexed with protein, and yet other parts to apparently exist as bundled, naked DNA. Prolonged exposure to proteases deproteinized the DNA, leaving masses of extended, free DNA. Estimates of the interior core volume suggest moderate but not extreme compaction of the genome.Vaccinia virus, the best-characterized member of the Poxviridae family, is unusual among most double-stranded DNA viruses in that both transcription and replication occur in the cytoplasm of the host cell (5,8,24). The 191-kbp genome of the Copenhagen strain contains up to 266 open reading frames encoding proteins Ͼ65 amino acids in length (9, 15), with 63 to 80 vaccinia virus gene products being packaged in the virion (4,53,57,60). Replication takes place within discrete cytoplasmic viral factories that are thought to be devoid of cellular organelles (3) but which contain ribosomes (16). Infectious virions can be isolated in several forms, depending on their degree of maturation, including mature virus (MV), wrapped virus, and enveloped virus (25).Many general features of vaccinia virion architecture are readily apparent from a variety of studies (3), notably a genome/enzyme-containing proteinaceous core, proteinaceous lateral bodies (LBs), and surrounding surface tubular elements and lipid membrane. Nonetheless, despite ϳ60 years of study by conventional electron microscopy (EM) (11,14,15,45,48,54,58), cryoelectron microscopy (1, 9, 54), and more recently cryoelectron tomography (4) freeze etch (31), deep etch (11), and atomic force (22) microscopies, specific controversies remain in issues such as the intrinsic rigidity of the core, the degree of order in genome packaging, the degree and affinity of the association of the genome with protein in the packaged state, the presence/absence of an "inner membrane" or "palisade" enwrapping the core, and the number of lipid bilayers that enwrap the intact virion. S...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation of Vaccinia Virus Structure

Kuznetsov

Gershon

McPherson

2008

J Virol

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“…These features distinguish parapoxviruses from other poxviruses. 7,18,24 Inoculation of MDOK cell cultures with clarified skin homogenates resulted in CPE suggestive of orf virus infection. 14 Orf virus-specific DNA was readily amplified by PCR from these cells but not from cultures of negative controls or from MDOK cells cocultivated with PBMN or LNMN cells obtained from the affected goat kids, indicating that orf virus is not associated with these cells in chronic infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe Persistent Orf in Young Goats

et al. 2003

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Abstract. Orf (contagious ecthyma) is a viral disease of small and wild ruminants, humans, and less frequently other species. In sheep and goats, the disease is characterized by the formation of vesiculo-proliferative lesions in the skin of lips and nostril. Here, a form of generalized orf in 16 goat kids from 2 different locations in west Texas is described. The disease was characterized by multifocal, severe, proliferative dermatitis that persisted from about 2 months of age until the goat kids were euthanized 3 months later. All affected goats were Boer or Boer crosses under 1 year of age. The mean immunoglobulin concentration in sera of affected goats was elevated compared with healthy control goats. Severe to moderate lymphadenomegaly of the nodes draining the areas of the skin affected with orf lesions was present in all 16 goat kids. Suppurative arthritis, chronic fibrinous pneumonia, and premature thymic involution were found in 3, 5, and 7 of the goat kids, respectively. The skin lesions of 3 goat kids were infested with larvae of the opportunistic black garbage fly (Ophira sp.). The orf virus was identified in skin lesions by isolation in Marbin-Darby ovine kidney cells, electron microscopy, and amplification of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction. The orf virus was not detected in peripheral blood or lymph node mononuclear cells of any of the goats. Cross-neutralization experiments showed that an ovine orf virus antiserum raised in sheep was more effective in neutralizing a sheep orf virus isolate than a caprine orf virus isolate. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics of these orf cases may be the result of susceptibility factors within some individuals of the Boer breed of goats.

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“…Virusspecific antibodies in sera are routinely used to indicate exposure to virus and it is therefore important to have a serological assay for the differention of CPV and CPDV infections. The viruses can easily be differentiated from each other by electron microscopy [6], and genomic comparison [7]. However, a major common precipitating antigen shown to be present in strains of CPV also reacts with CPDV positive serum [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Western blot analysis of virus-specific antibody responses for capripox and contagious pustular dermatitis viral infections in sheep

1994

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SUMMARYThis paper reports the development and evaluation of serological tests for the differentiation of antibodies in animals infected with capripox and parapox viruses. Agar-gel immunodiffusion tests using sera from sheep with naturallyacquired infections and from sheep experimentally inoculated with orf or capripox viruses showed cross reactions. Virus-specific antibody responses to structural proteins of the viruses were analysed by Western-blot analysis. This analysis readily differentiated the infections as either capripox or contagious pustular dermatitis. The antibody responses to the 32 kDa and 26 kDa proteins of capripoxvirus provided a firm basis for differention.

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The structure of orf virus

Cited by 68 publications

References 10 publications

Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation of Vaccinia Virus Structure

Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation of Vaccinia Virus Structure

Severe Persistent Orf in Young Goats

Western blot analysis of virus-specific antibody responses for capripox and contagious pustular dermatitis viral infections in sheep

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