THE STRUCTURE OF THE SPORES OF <i>GIGASPORA MARGARITA.</i> I. THE DORMANT SPORE

Sward, R. J.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1981.tb01712.x

Cited by 54 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Spores are important propagules of AM fungi. They contain many nuclei (Cooke et al, 1987;Burggraaf and Beringer, 1989;Viera and Glenn, 1990) and large amounts of stored lipid and carbohydrate (Sward, 1981;Becard et al, 1991;Bonfante-Fasolo et al, 1994;Shachar-Hill et al, 1995). Further research is required to analyse mycelium and spores separately to determine their elemental composition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A modified glass bead compartment cultivation system for studies on nutrient and trace metal uptake by arbuscular mycorrhiza

Chen

Christie

2001

Chemosphere

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, X. L. (2001). A modified glass bead compartment cultivation system for studies on nutrient and trace metal uptake by arbuscular mycorrhiza. Chemosphere, 42,[185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192] Published in: ChemosphereQueen's University Belfast -Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. AbstractA modi®ed glass bead compartment cultivation system is described in which glass beads continue to be used in the hyphal compartment but are replaced by coarse river sand in the compartments for host plant roots and mycorrhizal hyphae. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations were established using two host plant species, maize (Zea mays L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and two AM fungi, Glomus mosseae and G. versiforme. When the standard and modi®ed cultivation systems were compared, the new method yielded much more fungal tissue in the hyphal compartment. Using G. versiforme as the fungal symbiont, up to 30 mg of fungal dry matter (DM) was recovered from the hyphal compartment of mycorrhizal maize and about 6 mg from red clover. Multi-element analysis was conducted on samples of host plant roots and shoots and on harvested fungal biomass. Concentrations of P, Cu and Zn were much higher in the fungal biomass than in the roots or shoots of the host plants but fungal concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn were similar to or lower than those in the plants. There were also signi®cant dierences in nutrient concentrations between the two AM fungi and these may be related to dierences in their proportions of extraradical mycelium to spores. The high anity of the fungal mycelium for Zn was very striking and is discussed in relation to the potential use of arbuscular mycorrhiza in the phytoremediation of Zn-polluted soils. Ó

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A modified glass bead compartment cultivation system for studies on nutrient and trace metal uptake by arbuscular mycorrhiza

Chen

Christie

2001

Chemosphere

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“…Batches of spores were sieved from pot cultures, surface-sterilized as described previously (Sward, 1981a), and transferred, five spores per plate, to a sterile cellophane film overlying water agar (Oxoid No. 1 at 1-5 % w/v) in a Petri plate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was necessary in order to avoid damaging the delicate germ-tubes whilst processing was carried out. The fixation and embedding schedule described by Sward (1981a) was used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

THE STRUCTURE OF THE SPORES OF GIGASPORA MARGARITA

Sward

1981

New Phytologist

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SUMMARY Light and electron microscopy have been used to study the emergence through the spore wall and subsequent growth and development of the germ‐tube of Gigaspora margarita. Spore‐wall penetration by the germ‐tube is unusual as two different mechanisms seem to be operating, one for the inner spore‐wall layers and another for the outer layer. As the germ‐tube develops a primary wall layer is formed, and this can be traced back to its origin as a layer continuous with the thickened region of the innermost spore‐wall layer. In the maturing germ‐tube a highly osmiophilic secondary wall is deposited and this may be the wall layer that persists when the fungus penetrates a host root and sets up a mycorrhizal association. In common with other fungi that have been studied, the ultrastructural organization found in G. margarita can be categorized into approximately three zones: the apical zone, the subapical zone and the zone of vacuolation. Other features of the cytoplasmic organization are also discussed including the possible significance of bacteria‐like organisms, membrane‐bound crystals, osmiophilic granules and glycogen particles. Features of the culture‐grown germ‐tubes are also compared with those of host‐associated stages of the fungus reported in the literature.

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“…The spongy construction of some wall layers in the fossils is absent in the living spores. In turn, a tripartite membrane, a layer with a regular periodicity, electron-lucent layers, and layers with specifically oriented microfibrils which are present in the spores described by Mosse (1970c), Sward (1981), andBonfante-Fasolo (1983) and Bonfante-Fasolo and Vian (1984) are absent in the fossils. Although few extant endomycorrhizal species have been examined, the presence of regularly arranged microfibrils seems to be widespread in the Endogonaceae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mosse provided a detailed description of the structure and development of these spores (Mosse, 1970a-c). Spores of Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall have also been examined at the ultrastructural level (Sward, 1981), and Bonfante-Fasolo and Scannerini (1976) have illustrated the ultrastructure of Endogone flammicorona Trappe & Gerdemann. The sole TEM study of the spores of Glomus is that of Bonfante-Fasolo and Vian (1984) who discussed the ultrastructure of mature spores of Glomus epigaeum Daniels & Trappe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of Paleozoic Fungi IV: Wall Ultrastructure of Fossil Endogonaceous Chlamydospores

1985

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Fossil endogonaceous chlamydospores are described from the aerial axes and roots of several Paleozoic plants preserved in calcilutite nodules and calcareous coal balls. Specimens come from six Paleozoic localities extending from the uppermost Lower Devonian through the Upper Pennsylvanian. Although fossil chlamydospores are markedly similar to the modern Endogonaceae in transmitted light, ultrastructural comparisons have not previously been made. The fine structure of the walls of these spores is consistent with past interpretations which relate them to the modern Endogonaceae, but thorough comparisons cannot be made due to the lack of comparable ultrastructural information from extant VA mycorrhizae. The evidence from mycorrhizal associations in the fossil record is evaluated.

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THE STRUCTURE OF THE SPORES OF GIGASPORA MARGARITA. I. THE DORMANT SPORE

Cited by 54 publications

References 20 publications

A modified glass bead compartment cultivation system for studies on nutrient and trace metal uptake by arbuscular mycorrhiza

A modified glass bead compartment cultivation system for studies on nutrient and trace metal uptake by arbuscular mycorrhiza

THE STRUCTURE OF THE SPORES OF GIGASPORA MARGARITA

Studies of Paleozoic Fungi IV: Wall Ultrastructure of Fossil Endogonaceous Chlamydospores

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