The Stylostome of Arrenurus spp. (Acari: Parasitengona) Studied with the Scanning Electron Microscope

Redmond, B. L.; Hochberg, Jody

doi:10.2307/3280549

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Stylostomes remained stable in the host after clearing in Andre's solution, indicating a proteinaceous structure (Wohltmann 2001). This is in contrast to stylostomes of water mites that are made up of acid mucopolysaccharides (Davids 1973;Å bro 1979;Redmond and Hochberg 1981;Smith 2003). Little is known about stylostomes chemical structures and properties, more histochemical analysis are needed to determine whether or not there are chemical differences in the stylostomes of terrestrial Parasitengona and water mites.…”

Section: Phyllotreta Nemorummentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Stylostomes vary in morphology and complexity depending on the mite species. The simplest form consists of a single tube-like structure (Å bro 1979, 1984Redmond and Hochberg 1981;Lanciani and Smith 1989), whereas more complex stylostomes form a radiating mass (Pflugfelder 1950;Wharton 1954;Feider 1956;Davids 1973;Wohltmann 1999Wohltmann , 2001. The objectives of this study were to examine the attachment sites and to document the formation of stylostomes by T. newelli larvae on adult H. postica.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The attachment and stylostome of Trombidium newelli (Acari: Trombidiidae), an ectoparasitic mite on adults of alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Mohamed

Hogg

2004

Exp Appl Acarol

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Larvae of the mite Trombidium newelli Welbourn and Flessel are ectoparasitic on adult alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhall), an insect pest of alfalfa. The mite larvae are found under the elytra, attached to the dorsal surface of weevils' abdomen. T. newelli larvae use their chelicerae to penetrate the pliable and weakly sclerotized areas of the host's integument, and to hold on firmly to the host. The attachment sites associated with larval mites of different degrees of engorgement were examined using both light and scanning electron microscopy. The ventral inside surface of parasitized host tergites revealed a characteristic injury as spots varying in color from white-yellow to golden-brown depending on the engorged size of the mite. In addition, spots associated with fully engorged mite larvae showed an aggressive dendritically radiating mass expanding outward from the site of cheliceral penetration. This mass, known as feeding tube or stylostome was branched, with each branch ending in a cluster of closed bulbs. Stylostomes appear to exist independently in the host's tissue. Stylostome mass corresponded with the engorgement state of the mite, increasing as the mite larva increased in size. The possible nature and mechanism of stylostome formation is discussed.

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Section: Phyllotreta Nemorummentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The attachment and stylostome of Trombidium newelli (Acari: Trombidiidae), an ectoparasitic mite on adults of alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Mohamed

Hogg

2004

Exp Appl Acarol

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“…The mode of the stylostome formation at the ends of its branches due to the action of small drops (Flögel 1876) leaves the question about the origin of stylostome evolved in the insect hosts, i.e., whether it is from the host reaction or from the parasite saliva secretion,-to be still mostly open even if the stylostome is predominantly composed of chitin (Blunck 1923;Marshall and Staley 1929;Brug 1932). It was also shown that in Arrenurus larvae, the stylostome is a blindly ended tube with a bulbous termination at the distal end situated freely in the haemocoel of the host (dragonflies) and bearing no any pores on its sculptured surface through the length of stylostome (based on SEM, Redmond and Hochberg 1981). Stylostomes of these larvae have two-layered walls, in particular in the place of the immediate contact with the host integument, and at least the external layer is expected to be the product of host tissues (Redmond and Hochberg 1981).…”

Section: Stylostome In Relative Groupsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It was also shown that in Arrenurus larvae, the stylostome is a blindly ended tube with a bulbous termination at the distal end situated freely in the haemocoel of the host (dragonflies) and bearing no any pores on its sculptured surface through the length of stylostome (based on SEM, Redmond and Hochberg 1981). Stylostomes of these larvae have two-layered walls, in particular in the place of the immediate contact with the host integument, and at least the external layer is expected to be the product of host tissues (Redmond and Hochberg 1981). Smith (2003) has reported that most early-derivative water mite superfamilies have multiply-branched stylostomes, whereas later-derived water mites have unbranched, closeended stylostomes varying in their shape from long thin to shortened conical, disc-shaped or spherical structures.…”

Section: Stylostome In Relative Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Larvae of other groups of Parasitengona that parasitize insects, such as water mites (phalanx Hydrachnidia) and trombidiids (superfamily Trombidioidea), also form a type of stylostome (Flögel 1876;Blunck 1923;Marshall and Staley 1929;Brug 1932;Steffan 1967;Å bro 1979, 1984Redmond and Hochberg 1981;Smith 2003;Mohamed and Hogg 2004), which is typically up to 1 mm long (Marshall and Staley 1929) and may be branched (Flögel 1876;Steffan 1967;Å bro 1979, 1984Smith 2003;Mohamed and Hogg 2004). However, in contrast to trombiculids, stylostomes of water-and trombidiid mite larvae are considered to be mostly formed of chitin (Flögel 1876;Blunck 1923;Marshall and Staley 1929;Brug 1932) that is thought to manifest the defense reaction of the insect host to minimize the harmful action of the damage agent and isolate the toxic and foreign substances (Brug 1932).…”

Section: Stylostome In Relative Groupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stylostome formation in trombiculid mites (Acariformes: Trombiculidae)

Shatrov

2009

Exp Appl Acarol

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Stylostomes of the trombiculid mite larvae Neotrombicula pomeranzevi (Schluger), Hirsutiella zachvatkini (Schluger), Miyatrombicula esoensis (Sasa and Ogata) and Euschoengastia rotundata (Schluger) (Acariformes: Trombiculidae), formed in the host skin during feeding of the parasites on their natural hosts (voles) were studied histologically and histochemically. A stylostome is a variously shaped tube formed of solidified mite saliva that extends from the mouthparts of the parasite through the epidermis into the dermis of the host, and allows the mite to obtain its liquid food. The first step of stylostome formation is deposition of an eosinophilic cone, to which the larva's chelicerae are glued. Organization of the stylostome depends on the mite species, and its walls may show weakly expressed longitudinal or transverse stratification. Histochemically, the stylostome is composed of complex glycoprotein with varying tinctorial properties through the width or the length of the stylostome's walls. Beneath the distal end of the stylostome, irrespectively of its localization either in the epidermis or in the dermis of the host, a feeding cavity is formed as a result of the action of the hydrolytic components of the mite's saliva forced through the stylostome into the wound. An inflammatory dermal reaction of moderate intensity is evolved during larval feeding and stylostome formation. It is manifested by the infiltration of the foci with neutrophiles, lymphocytes and macrophages and by dilation of capillaries of the terminal vessel bed and filling them by erythrocytes and other blood elements. Around the stylostome, necrosis of the epidermal cells occurs, leucocytes come to the damaged area and fuse with the necrotic epidermal cells, leading to the formation of the large scabs on the surface of the host's skin. In the case of E. rotundata, single capsules having a terminal opening and containing feeding larva are formed on the abdomen of the hosts. The walls of the capsules are composed of the mite's saliva flowing upon the surface of the host's skin. At the bottom of the capsule, a stylostome perforating the epidermis is also present.

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