The Subtalar Joint: Embryology and Morphology

Abstract

Several different aspects of the subtalar joint are studied. Embryology indicates that it is a recently acquired structure. The anterior subtalar joint does not have a uniform morphology, and it has been subdivided into three anatomical descriptions (ovoid, bean, and two part). To correct the confusion found in other papers, we intend to clearly describe the anatomy of the ligaments. The form and function of the retinacula, cervical ligament, and ligament of the canal are studied. The microscopic anatomy of ligaments is studied, dealing specifically with their innervation and the structure of their fibers.

The Impact of Chiropractic Manipulative Therapy on Chronic Recurrent Lateral Ankle Sprain Syndrome in Two Young Athletes

“…47 Increased intra-articular pressure has been shown to strongly excite capsular joint afferents and to evoke reflexes with inhibitory effects on [alpha]-motoneurons projecting to surrounding joint muscles. 34,48 It is appreciated that nervous distribution to a joint also distributes to the primary movers of a joint, as explained by "Hilton's Law" of physiology. 49 Electromyography studies confirm that sacroiliac joint manipulation alters muscle inhibition and improves quadriceps muscle strength in patients with anterior knee pain.…”

“…20 Articular afferent input from the dense type-II and type-III mechanoreceptor innervation to the lateral ankle can elicit efferent responses, also called arthrogenic muscle inhibition, causing muscles surrounding that joint to be inhibited. 34,35 There is conflicting evidence of alterations in muscular responsiveness in both weight bearing and non-weight bearing proprioception, regardless of joint capsule involvement. One study suggests that proprioception was not affected by direct anesthesia blockade to the ankle joint ligaments.…”

“…This can be damaging and create a lateral instability and subsequent inversion to the joint. 34 The hypothesis of muscular weakness causing functional instability is still under debate, and the role of leg muscles as dynamic stabilizers preventing LAS comes under question. The idea is that proprioceptive reflexes are elicited when soft tissue structures are stretched, notably ligament capsule structures, and the challenged tissues provoke a disturbance to these reflexes.…”

“…Athletes who sprain their ankles do so in challenging weight bearing activities that often involve running and jumping, and not in cycling, for example. 4,34 The population with forefoot-valgus, the most frequently seen foot deformity, has weight bearing gait pathomechanics that foster inversion sprain. In this group, during the stage of gait with heel lift-off and early propulsion, a subtalar supination occurs to stabilize the ankle by bringing the calcaneocuboid joint into its close-packed position.…”

Artroerezės Operacija Stabilizuojant Pašokikaulinį Pėdos Sąnarį. Klaipėdos Universitetinės Ligoninės Patirtis

“…Įtikinamiausiai skamba teorija, kad įgimta pėdos pašokikaulinio sąnario anatomija lemia šokikaulio ir kulnakaulio sąnario stabilumą, kartu turi įtakos viso judėjimo atramos aparato balansui ir funkcijai (10,11).…”