The Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System of the Face: A Model Explored

Broughton, Michelle; Fyfe, Georgina

doi:10.1155/2013/794682

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In thread lifting surgery, surgeons pass barbed sutures into deeper layers of the face, and the barbs along the sutures act as hooks to anchor and elevate SMAS [ 29 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. To imitate the procedure, we inserted the suture sample into the fascia in fresh porcine tissue to simulate the facelift in SMAS tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Pull-Out Strength of Barbed Suture In Vitro by Using Porcine Tissue and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

Hong

Chen

et al. 2022

Polymers

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Using barbed thread lifting for facial rejuvenation has become popular these days due to its minimally invasive procedures with reduced complications. However, only limited studies regarding its mechanical properties for face suspension were published. The aim of this study was to evaluate suture-holding ability regarding its facelift property, and different specimens were tested in order to establish an in vitro model. Fresh porcine tissue and the synthetic material polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were selected to simulate human skin for evaluating barbed suture pull-out strength by the universal material testing machine. The results showed that the pull-out strength of barbs between different porcine tissues varied without consistency. By contrast, PDMS (30:1) showed more consistent pull-out strength in each testing, and the average maximum load force was close to porcine tissue. Furthermore, after submerging barbed sutures in PBS for 0 days (T0), 7 days (T7) and 14 days (T14), a trend of decreased average maximum load force, displacement and force of 1.5 mm/2 mm/3 mm displacement could be detected by in vitro testing with PDMS (30:1). These results provide support for using PDMS (30:1) to evaluate suture pull-out strength and holding/lifting capacities in vitro to obtain consistent and objective information for evaluating substantial equivalence of devices. The established in vitro method could be used for the future development of barbed thread lifting technology.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Pull-Out Strength of Barbed Suture In Vitro by Using Porcine Tissue and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

Hong

Chen

et al. 2022

Polymers

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“…With regard to the ZM, the SMAS is described as horizontal fibrous connective tissues that envelop the zygomaticus musculature. 31,32 This could explain the large amounts of connective tissue observed during the cell isolation process, as well as the poor digestion efficiency of the ZM overall.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Ovine Facial and Limb Muscle as a Primary Cell Source for Engineered Skeletal Muscle

Rodriguez

Nguyen

Armstrong

et al. 2020

Tissue Engineering Part A

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Volumetric muscle loss (VML) contributes to the number of soft tissue injuries that necessitate reconstructive surgery, but treatment options are often limited by tissue availability and donor site morbidity. To combat these issues, our laboratory has developed scaffold-free tissue-engineered skeletal muscle units (SMUs) as a novel treatment for VML injuries. Recently, we have begun experiments addressing VML in facial muscle, and the optimal starting cell population for engineered skeletal muscle tissue for this application may not be cells derived from hindlimb muscles due to reported heterogeneity of cell populations. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare SMUs fabricated from both craniofacial and hindlimb sources to determine which cell source is best suited for the engineering of skeletal muscle. Herein, we assessed the development, structure, and function of SMUs derived from four muscle sources, including two hindlimb muscles (i.e., soleus and semimembranosus [SM]) and two craniofacial muscles (i.e., zygomaticus major and masseter). Overall, the zygomaticus major exhibited the least efficient digestion, and SMUs fabricated from this muscle exhibited the least aligned myosin heavy chain staining and consequently, the lowest average force production. Conversely, the SM muscle exhibited the most efficient digestion and the highest number of myotubes/mm 2 ; however, the SM, masseter, and soleus groups were roughly equivalent in terms of force production and histological structure.

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“…After covering the patient's eyes and sterilizing the skin, practitioners will conduct the intervention procedure. TEA will be transversely inserted 4 cm from one acupoint toward another acupoint in the layer termed the superficial musculoaponeurotic system, [24] and only the needle will be removed while leaving the thread in the face. For the sham control comparison, thread-removed needles will be used in the STEA group instead of normal TEA in the TEA group.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical efficacy and safety of thread-embedding acupuncture for treatment of the sequelae of Bell's palsy

et al. 2019

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Background: The sequelae of Bell's palsy cause critical problem in facial appearance, as well as social and psychological problems in the patient's life. The aim of the present study is to establish clinical evidence of thread-embedding acupuncture (TEA) in the treatment of sequelae of Bell's palsy. Method/Design: This is a patient-assessor blinded, randomized, sham-controlled trial with two parallel arms. Fifty-six patients aged 19–65 years, who have experienced sequelae of Bell's palsy for >3 months, will be recruited and screened using the eligibility criteria. After screening, they will be randomly allocated to a TEA group or a sham TEA (STEA) group. Both groups will receive TEA or STEA treatment on ten predefined acupoints once a week for 8 weeks. Additionally, both groups will receive the same acupuncture treatment twice a week for 8 weeks as a concurrent treatment. Changes in the Facial Disability Index over 8 weeks will be assessed as the primary outcome. Furthermore, the House-Brackmann Grade, Facial Nerve Grading System 2.0, Sunnybrook Facial Grading System, facial stiffness score, lip mobility score, and treatment satisfaction score will be measured and analyzed as secondary outcomes. All outcomes will be assessed at baseline and at 4 and 8 weeks after screening. Discussion: The results from this trial will help establish clinical evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of TEA in the treatment of patients with sequelae of Bell's palsy. Trial registration number: KCT0002557 (Clinical Research Information Service of the Republic of Korea).

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The Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System of the Face: A Model Explored

Cited by 14 publications

References 24 publications

Evaluating Pull-Out Strength of Barbed Suture In Vitro by Using Porcine Tissue and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

Evaluating Pull-Out Strength of Barbed Suture In Vitro by Using Porcine Tissue and Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

A Comparison of Ovine Facial and Limb Muscle as a Primary Cell Source for Engineered Skeletal Muscle

Clinical efficacy and safety of thread-embedding acupuncture for treatment of the sequelae of Bell's palsy

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