The symbiotic life of<i>Symbiodinium</i>in the open ocean within a new species of calcifying ciliate (<i>Tiarina</i>sp.)

Mordret, Solenn; Romac, Sarah; Henry, Nicolas; Colin, Sébastien; Carmichael, Margaux; Berney, Cédric; Audic, Stéphane; Richter, Daniel J.; Pochon, Xavier; Vargas, Colomban de; Decelle, Johan

doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.211

Cited by 44 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…; Mordret et al . ). In fact, some culturable Symbiodinium species—including Symbiodinium pilosum (A2), Symbiodinium voratum (E1) and Symbiodinium kawagutii (F1)—have never been detected as intracellular symbionts (LaJeunesse ; Jeong et al .…”

Section: Free‐living Symbiodiniummentioning

confidence: 97%

“…dwelling organisms readily detecting Symbiodinium DNA (Carlos et al 1999;Gou et al 2003;Coffroth et al 2006;Littman et al 2008;Manning & Gates 2008;Porto et al 2008;Adams et al 2009;. Lastly but of particular interest, Symbiodinium isolates recovered from hosts vs. the external environment are often genetically distinct (LaJeunesse 2001;Santos et al 2001;Coffroth et al 2006;Porto et al 2008;Mordret et al 2016). In fact, some culturable Symbiodinium species-including Symbiodinium pilosum (A2), Symbiodinium voratum (E1) and Symbiodinium kawagutii (F1)-have never been detected as intracellular symbionts (LaJeunesse 2001;Jeong et al 2014).…”

Section: Free-living Symbiodiniummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population genetics of reef coral endosymbionts (Symbiodinium, Dinophyceae)

et al. 2017

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Symbiodinium is a diverse genus of unicellular dinoflagellate symbionts associating with various marine protists and invertebrates. Although the broadscale diversity and phylogenetics of the Symbiodinium complex is well established, there have been surprisingly few data on fine-scale population structure and biogeography of these dinoflagellates. Yet population-level processes contribute strongly to the biology of Symbiodinium, including how anthropogenic-driven global climate change impacts these symbionts and their host associations. Here, we present a synthesis of population-level characteristics for Symbiodinium, with an emphasis on how phylogenetic affinities, dynamics within and among host individuals, and a propensity towards clonality shape patterns on and across reefs. Major inferences include the following: (i) Symbiodinium populations within individual hosts are comprised mainly of cells belonging to a single or few genetic clones. (ii) Symbiont populations exhibit a mixed mode of reproduction, wherein at least one sexual recombination event occurs in the genealogy between most genotypes, but clonal propagation predominates overall. (iii) Mutualistic Symbiodinium do not perpetually persist outside their hosts, instead undergoing turnover and replacement via the continuous shedding of viable clonal cells from host individuals. (iv) Symbiont populations living in the same host, but on different reefs, are often genetically subdivided, suggesting low connectivity, adaptation to local conditions, or prolific asexual reproduction and low effective population sizes leading to disproportionate success within and among hosts. Overall, this synthesis forms a basis for future investigations of coral symbiosis ecology and evolution as well as delimitation of species boundaries in Symbiodinium and other eukaryotic microorganisms.

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Section: Free‐living Symbiodiniummentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Free-living Symbiodiniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Population genetics of reef coral endosymbionts (Symbiodinium, Dinophyceae)

et al. 2017

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“…Two protist taxa are also known to associate with Symbiodinium, Foraminifera (Pochon and Gates, 2010), and Ciliophora (Mordret et al, 2016). Invertebrate larvae acquire symbionts in two different ways: vertically (transmitted to the offspring in parental oocytes) or horizontally by oral ingestion during larval development.…”

Section: Marine Invertebrate Larvae Associated With Symbiodiniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Invertebrate Larvae Associated with Symbiodinium: A Mutualism from the Start?

et al. 2017

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Symbiodinium are dinoflagellate photosynthetic algae that associate with a diverse array of marine invertebrates, and these relationships are comprehensively documented for adult animal hosts. Conversely, comparatively little is known about the associations during larval development of animal hosts, although four different metazoan phyla (Porifera, Cnidaria, Acoelomorpha, and Mollusca) produce larvae associated with Symbiodinium. These phyla represent considerable diversities in larval forms, manner of symbiont acquisition, and requirements on the presence of symbionts for successful metamorphosis. Importantly, the different requirements are conveyed by specific symbiont types that are selected by the host animal larvae. Nevertheless, it remains to be determined whether these associations during larval stages already represent mutualistic interactions, as evident from the relationship of Symbiodinium with their adult animal hosts. For instance, molecular studies suggest that the host larval transcriptome is nearly unaltered after symbiont acquisition. Even so, a symbiosis-specific gene has been identified in Symbiodinium that is expressed in larval host stages, and similar genes are currently being described for host organisms. However, some reports suggest that the metabolic exchange between host larvae and Symbiodinium may not cover the energetic requirements of the host. Here, we review current studies to summarize what is known about the association between metazoan larvae and Symbiodinium. In particular, our aim was to gather in how far the mutualistic relationship present between adult animals hosts and Symbiodinium is already laid out at the time of symbiont acquisition by host larvae. We conclude that the mutualistic relationship between animal hosts and algal symbionts in many cases is not set up during larval development. Furthermore, symbiont identity may influence whether a mutualism can be established during host larval stages.

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“…Dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium can enter endosymbiotic associations with corals, providing the metabolic basis for the highly productive and biologically diverse coral-reef ecosystems (HoeghGuldberg, 1999), as well as with other cnidarians, including sea anemones and jellyfish, and noncnidarian hosts (Trench, 1993;Lobban et al, 2002;Mordret et al, 2016). Cnidarian hosts often appear to be populated by just one or a very small number of Symbiodinium strains, with some symbiont-host associations appearing to be highly specific while others are more flexible and can change over developmental time and space (LaJeunesse, 2002;Goulet and Coffroth, 2003;Andras et al, 2011;Pettay et al, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose-Induced Trophic Shift in an Endosymbiont Dinoflagellate with Physiological and Molecular Consequences

et al. 2017

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Interactions between the dinoflagellate endosymbiont Symbiodinium and its cnidarian hosts (e.g. corals, sea anemones) are the foundation of coral-reef ecosystems. Carbon flow between the partners is a hallmark of this mutualism, but the mechanisms governing this flow and its impact on symbiosis remain poorly understood. We showed previously that although Symbiodinium strain SSB01 can grow photoautotrophically, it can grow mixotrophically or heterotrophically when supplied with Glc, a metabolite normally transferred from the alga to its host. Here we show that Glc supplementation of SSB01 cultures causes a loss of pigmentation and photosynthetic activity, disorganization of thylakoid membranes, accumulation of lipid bodies, and alterations of cell-surface morphology. We used global transcriptome analyses to determine if these physiological changes were correlated with changes in gene expression. Glc-supplemented cells exhibited a marked reduction in levels of plastid transcripts encoding photosynthetic proteins, although most nuclear-encoded transcripts (including those for proteins involved in lipid synthesis and formation of the extracellular matrix) exhibited little change in their abundances. However, the altered carbon metabolism in Glc-supplemented cells was correlated with modest alterations (approximately 2x) in the levels of some nuclearencoded transcripts for sugar transporters. Finally, Glc-bleached SSB01 cells appeared unable to efficiently populate anemone larvae. Together, these results suggest links between energy metabolism and cellular physiology, morphology, and symbiotic interactions. However, the results also show that in contrast to many other organisms, Symbiodinium can undergo dramatic physiological changes that are not reflected by major changes in the abundances of nuclear-encoded transcripts and thus presumably reflect posttranscriptional regulatory processes.

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The symbiotic life ofSymbiodiniumin the open ocean within a new species of calcifying ciliate (Tiarinasp.)

Cited by 44 publications

References 79 publications

Population genetics of reef coral endosymbionts (Symbiodinium, Dinophyceae)

Population genetics of reef coral endosymbionts (Symbiodinium, Dinophyceae)

Marine Invertebrate Larvae Associated with Symbiodinium: A Mutualism from the Start?

Glucose-Induced Trophic Shift in an Endosymbiont Dinoflagellate with Physiological and Molecular Consequences

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