A novel, simple method was developed to synthesize biocompatible composites containing 50% cellulose (CEL) and 50% keratin (KER) and silver in the form of either ionic (Ag + ) or Ag 0 nanoparticles (Ag + NPs or Ag 0 NPs). In this method, butylmethylimmidazolium chloride ([BMIm + Cl -]), a simple ionic liquid, was used as the sole solvent and silver chloride was added to the [BMIm + Cl -] solution of [CEL+KER] during the dissolution process. The silver in the composites can be maintained as ionic silver (Ag + ) or completely converted to metallic silver (Ag 0 ) by reducing it with NaBH4. The results of spectroscopy [Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction (XRD)] and imaging [scanning electron microscopy (SEM)] measurements confirm that CEL and KER remain chemically intact and homogeneously distributed in the composites. Powder XRD and SEM results show that the silver in the [CEL+KER+Ag + ] and [CEL+KER+Ag 0 ] composites is homogeneously distributed throughout the composites in either Ag + (in the form of AgClNPs) or Ag 0 NPs form with sizes of 27 ± 2 or 9 ± 1 nm, respectively. Both composites were found to exhibit excellent antibacterial activity against many bacteria including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococus faecalis (VRE). The antibacterial activity of both composites increases with the Ag + or Ag 0 content in the composites. More importantly, for the same bacteria and the same silver content, the [CEL+KER+AgClNPs] composite is relatively more toxic than [CEL+KER+Ag 0 NPs] composite. Experimental results confirm that there was hardly any Ag 0 NPs release from the [CEL+KER+Ag 0 NPs] composite, and hence its antimicrobial activity and NOT THE PUBLISHED VERSION; this is the author's final, peer-reviewed manuscript. The published version may be accessed by following the link in the citation at the bottom of the page. Vol 8, No. 50 (2016): pg. 34791-34801. DOI. This article is © American Chemical Society and permission has been granted for this version to appear in e-Publications@Marquette. American Chemical Society does not grant permission for this article to be further copied/distributed or hosted elsewhere without the express permission from American Chemical Society.
ACS Applied materials & Interfaces,3 biocompatibility is due not to any released Ag 0 NPs but rather entirely to the Ag 0 NPs embedded in the composite. Both AgClNPs and Ag 0 NPs were found to be toxic to human fibroblasts at higher concentration (>0.72 mmol), and for the same silver content, the [CEL+KER+AgClNPs] composite is relatively more toxic than the [CEL+KER+Ag 0 NPs] composite. As expected, by lowering the Ag 0 NPs concentration to 0.48 mmol or less, the [CEL+KER+Ag 0 NPs] composite can be made biocompatible while still retaining its antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, MRSA, and VRE. These results, together with our previous finding that [CEL+KER] composites can ...