The Synthesis of Taurine from Sulfate III. Further Evidence for the Enzymatic Pathway in Chick Liver

Sass, Neil L.; Martin, William G.

doi:10.3181/00379727-139-36232

Cited by 22 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The CDO/CSAD pathway is found in animals [1][2][3][4][5]; the Serine/Sulfate pathway is found in developing chick embryos [6], chick liver [7], and microalgae (present study); the XDH/Xsc pathway is found in bacteria [8,9].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 70%

“…The CDO/CSAD pathway is thought to be the taurine biosynthetic pathway in animals and involves cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) and cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (CSAD)/ glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) that convert cysteine to taurine [1][2][3]. In contrast, the Serine/ Sulfate pathway was first reported using certain developmental stages of chickens [6,7] and involves the PAPS (adenosine-3′-phosphate-5′-phosphosulfate) pathway to convert sulfate to cysteate and then to taurine. In this pathway, taurine is produced as a result of the use of sulfur from sulfate in the carbon backbone of L-serine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This pathway utilizes inorganic sulfate to form sulfonate-2-aminocrylate followed by cysteate in a reaction coupled to the conversion of adenosine-3′-phosphate-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to adenosine-3′,5′-diphosphate (PAP). Cysteate is then decarboxylated to form taurine [7]. Bacterial taurine synthesis remains unclear though exogenous cysteine sulfinic acid supplementation enables accumulation of intracellular taurine indicating the presence of a CSAD homolog [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The taurine biosynthetic pathway of microalgae

et al. 2015

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Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is an amino acid-like compound widely distributed in animals and an essential nutrient in some species. Targeted metabolomics of marine and freshwater microalgae combined with medium supplementation identified biosynthetic pathway intermediates and necessary catalytic activities. Genomic analysis was then used to predict the first taurine biosynthetic pathway in these organisms. MRM-based electrospray ionization (ESI) LC-MS/MS analysis demonstrated that taurine is synthesized using a carbon backbone from L-serine combined with sulfur derived from sulfate. Metabolite analysis showed a nonuniform pattern in levels of pathway intermediates that were both species and supplement dependent. While increased culture salinity raised taurine levels modestly in marine alga, taurine levels were strongly induced in a freshwater species implicating taurine as an organic osmolyte. Conservation of the synthetic pathway in algae and metazoans together with a pattern of intermittent distribution in other lineages suggests that it arose early in 0 1 5 ) 2 eukaryotic evolution. Elevated levels of cell-associated taurine in algae could offer a new and biorenewable source of this unusual bioactive compound.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The taurine biosynthetic pathway of microalgae

et al. 2015

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“…It has been reported that cysteic acid is synthesized from adenosine 3'-phosphate-5'-phosphosulphate and serine (Sass & Martin, 1972) or from cysteine via cysteinesulphinic acid by cysteine oxidase (Awapara & Doctor, 1955;Sakakibara et al, 1973;Sobro & Ewetz, 1965). As these results were obtained from experiments with animal tissues, they are not directly applicable to bacterial metabolism.…”

Section: T K O S H I K a W A A N D O T H E R Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence of Cysteic Acid in the Sporangium and its Metabolic Pathway during Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis NRRL B558

et al. 1981

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Cells of Bacillus subtilis NRRL B558 at early stages of sporulation contained considerable amounts of cysteic acid. The cell cysteic acid content began to increase at the onset of sporulation and was maximal when synthesis of dipicolinic acid commenced; it then decreased as sporulation advanced. C ysteic acid was synthesized from cysteine and metabolized to sulpholactate in the mother-cell cytoplasm, and the sulpholactate was then incorporated into the forespore. This metabolic change is considered to be a general phenomenon in spore-formers that contain sulpholactate in their spores. I N T R O D U C T I O NIdentification of spore-specific materials and knowledge of their role during sporulation has been considered essential for studies on sporulation mechanisms. Studies of the chemical constituents of mature spores have revealed the existence of many spore-specific materials, such as dipicolinic acid (Powell, 1953) (Warth & Strominger, 1968). It has been generally accepted that these spore-specific materials are newly synthesized in sporangia from substances derived from vegetative cell constituents, in which case precursors of spore constituents are presumably present in the cells at an early stage of sporulation. No detailed information has yet been obtained on the chemical nature or biological roles of such precursors. Chemical and biochemical studies on precursors of spore-specific materials may contribute to our understanding of sporulation mechanisms. The present paper describes the identification of cysteic acid as a precursor of sulpholactate and the metabolic pathway of cysteine to sulpholactate via cysteic acid. M E T H O D SStrain and culture conditions. Bacillus subtilis NRRL B558 was used unless otherwise indicated. Bacilli from an overnight nutrient agar slope were suspended in Schaeffer's medium (Schaeffer & Ionesco, 1960) and incubated for 5 h at 37 OC. A sufficient volume of this culture was inoculated into fresh Schaeffer's medium to give an initial of 0.03 to 0.05, and the fresh culture was incubated with shaking (120 strokes min-', 3 cm amplitude) at 37 OC. Cells were harvested at various stages of sporulation and washed with chilled saline by centrifuging at 10000 rev. min-I for 10 min.Replacement sporulation was carried out in a medium containing (per litre) 50mmol acetic acid, 10 mmol glycine, 10 mmol serine, 1.5 g NaCl, 0.45 g KH,P04, 0.58 g K2HP04, 200 mg MgS04.7H20, 7 mg MnS04. 7H,O, 15 mg FeSO,. 7H,O and 73.5 mg CaCl,. 2H,O (pH 6.8).Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) extraction andpreparation offractions. Cells (100 mg dry wt) were treated in 15 ml 10% (w/v) TCA with stirring for 2 h at 0 OC, and the extract was centrifuged at 10000 rev. min-' for 20 min at 0 OC. The supernatant was extracted with 45 ml diethyl ether to remove the TCA and the water layer (TCA extract) was retained.

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“…Studies in this laboratory have shown the presence of an enzyme system in chick (1) and rat (2) tissues which catalyzes the synthesis of taurine from serine and 3'phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). The activity of this enzyme was shown to respond in vitro to intermediates of the transsulfuration pathway (3).…”

Section: Proceedings Of the Society For Experimental Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%